Ocular Manifestations Of Ocular Disease Flashcards by Elizabeth Orpwood

What is the condition in dogs and cats that causes;
Fragile hyperextensible and easily torn skin
Abnormal limbus, corneal clouding, thin sclera, bilateral cataracts, lens luxation?

What test is done to diagnose this?

What is the inheritance?

Ehler’s Danlos Syndrome

Extensible index, extending skin fold over dorsal lumbar area maximally without inducing pain and dividing this figure by body length x100. If >14.5%, hyperextendable

Autosomal dominant

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Which breed is affected by Chediak-Higashi?

What is the inheritance?

What are the clinical signs?

Persian

Autosomal recessive

Pale irides, retinal hypopigmentation, tapetal degeneration, cataracts, nystagmus

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Which breed is affected by Keratoconjunctivits Sicca Ichthyosiform dermatosis (KCSID)?

What are the clinical signs?

What is the treatment?

What is the inheritance?

CKCS

Curly/rough coat from birth, scaly flanks + dorsum, alopecia, hyperkeratosis of footpads
KCS

Lubricants (lacrimostimulants don’t have much effect)

Autosomal recessive

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Which breeds are affected by Oculo-Skeletal Dysplasia?

What is the inheritance?

What are the clinical signs?

Lab
Samoyed

Autosomal recessive

Retinal dysplasia, retinal detachment - blind
Short legged dwarfism

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What is the primary cause of cataracts in dogs? Secondary?

Inherited

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What type of uveitis does a DM cataract cause?

What % of dogs with DM will get cataracts within 6months?

Phacolytic uveitis

75%

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What ocular signs can DM cause?

Cataracts
Endothelial cell loss
Reduced corneal sensation
Reduced STT
Lower TFBUT (reduction in goblet cell densities)
Conjunctival retinal dysplasia 
Retinal changes

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What are the ocular signs of hyperadrenocorticism?

Corneal ulceration
Corneal calcification
KCS

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What are the ocular signs of hypothyroidism?

KCS
Hypertensive retinal changes
Hyperlipidaemia 
Corneal arcus adjacent to the limbus 
Facial nerve paresis/ paralysis
Peripheral/ Central vestibular disease

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What are the ocular signs of hyperparathyroidism/ secondary nutritional hypoparathyroidism?

Cataracts (caused by hypocalcaemia

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What can be a secondary ocular effect from hyperparathyroidism?

Fundic signs from hypertension

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What deficiency does a milk replacer cause?

What does this cause?

Arginine

Cataract (spheroidal/ ring shaped)

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What signs does taurine deficiency in cats cause?

Where is taurine found?

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Feline central retinal degeneration

Inner and outer segments of photoreceptors

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What causes thiamine deficiency in cats?

What is the pathognomonic sign?

What are the other signs?

Are the ocular signs reversible?a

Raw fish diet (contains thiaminases)
Or severe GI disease

Optic nerve head vascularisation

Progressive neuro signs
Fixed dilated pupils 
Papilloedema
Optic nerve head vascularisation (pathognomonic)
Peripherally retinal haemorrhage

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What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?

What is the cause?

What should be tested?

What accumulates?

Which breed has a familial trait?

Are the neuro signs reversible?
Are the optho signs reversible?

What is the difference with PRA?

Mottled tapetal fundus with Yellow-brown foci then hyper reflective centrally and vascular attenuation
Vision affected

Poor diet

Alpha tocopherol levels

Lipofuscin

English cocker spaniels

Neuro signs are reversible, optho signs are not

This doesn’t normally go to total blindness, PRA does

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Which breeds (2) get zinc deficiency?

What are the clinical signs?

What is the difference with these signs and UVD?

Can this be reversed?

Is treatment lifelong?

Siberian husky
Alaskan malamute

Periocular alopecia, crusting, scaling

Zinc deficiency has crusting around the eyes which doesn’t happen in UVD
No uveitis with zinc deficiency

Yes

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Which breeds are affected by uveodermatological syndrome (UVD)?

What are the signs?

What is the cause?

What is the treatment?

What can you see in histology?

Japanese Akita
Siberian husky
Samoyed

Vitiligo
Granulomatous anterior +/ posterior uveitis (can lead to retinal detachment)
Poliosis (lack of pigment) of periocular skin, lips, muzzle, nasal planum

Immune mediated

Topical and oral immunosuppressive steroids, ciclosporin
Topical atropine
Non prostaglandin analogue anti glaucoma drugs (brinzolamide) if increase in IOP

Melanin filled macrophages

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What age and sized dogs are affected by granulomatous meningoencephalitis?

What does it cause histologically?

What are the signs?

What is the prognosis?

Young
Small breed

Perivascular cuffing with macrophages and lymphocytes in brain tissue

Sudden blindness
Papilloedema
Peripapillary haemorrhage
Retinal detachments

Poor

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What are the clinical signs of canine juvenile cellulitis?

What is the treatment?

Granulomatous pustular dermatitis
Blepharitis
SMLNS lymphadenopathy

Lethargic
Anorexia
Pyrexia
Joint pain

Immunosuppressive therapy and ABs

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What age does extraocular myosotis normally affect? Gender? Breed

How do you diagnose?

Treatment?

Recurrence?

<1yo
FE
Golden retrievers

Bilateral exophthalmos without TEL protrusion
360’ scleral show
Retraction of upper eyelids
Non painful

U/S thickened extraocular muscles
MRI

Immunosuppression, prednisolone +/- ciclosporin

Common

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What are the clinical signs of masticatory myosotis?

What size dogs are predisposed?

Diagnosis?

Bilateral exophthalmos with TEL protrusion then Enophthalmos
Anorexia, pyrexia, pain opening mouth/ palpation of head.

Large breeds

Serum antibodies against 2M muscle fibres
Biopsy of muscle- plasma cells and lymphocytes

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How do cats get bartonellosis?

What does it cause?

Is it in the uk

Flea Excrement

Anterior uveitis
Chorioretinitis

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Is brucellosis in dogs seen in the uk?

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What ocular sign does leptospirosis cause?

Uveitis

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What are the clinical signs of tetanus? What is tetanus? What is the treatment?

``` Lockjaw Pulled back lips Wrinkled forehead Erect ears TEL protrusion Enophthalmos ``` Gram positive anaerobic spore forming bacillus Penicillin

What are the ocular clinical signs of chlamydiosis? Other systems affected? Treatment? Diagnosis? Prevention?

``` *Chemosis* hyperaemia blepharospasm Serous followed by mucopurulent discharge Unilateral then bilateral NO CORNEAL LESIONS ``` Resp, GIT, genital signs PCR Vaccine Topical tetracycline TID (ophtocycline) 1-2weeks Oral doxy or amoxy clav for 3-4w

What ocular signs do mycobacteriosis cause? Which form is normally seen with ocular signs, tuberculous or non tuberculous?

Granulomatous choroiditis Subretinal haemorrhage Retinal detachment Non tuberculous

What does mycoplasmosis cause? What is the treatment for mycoplasma? What conditions can predispose to mycoplasma?

Feline conjunctivitis Sens to many topicals and Oral doxy FHV-1 or chlamydophila

What ocular signs can canine distemper cause?

Conjunctivitis KCS Optic neuritis Chorioretinitis

What ocular signs can be seen in newborn puppies with canine herpes virus? Adult dogs?

Keratitis Panuveitis Retinal necrosis Optic neuritis Corneal ulceration

What are the ocular signs of canine Adenovirus? What can happen post vaccination of a modified live vaccs of adenovirus?

Severe anterior uveitis Corneal oedema BLUE EYES Blue eye ~7d post infection; Arthus reaction; antigen antibody complexes deposited on corneal endothelium disrupts the Na/K ATPase pumps, water accumulates in corneal stroma. Corneal oedema

What are the ocular signs of coronavirus/ FIP? What is the treatment?

``` Anterior uveitis Chorioretinitis Perivascular cuffing Box carring of vessels from hyperviscosity changes KPs ``` Anti viral remdesivir

Which infection can cause Ophthalmia neonatorum in kittens? What is ophthalmia neonatorum? What is the treatment?

FHV-1 Infection before time of eyelid opening Surgical opening of eyelids, irrigation of cornea, treating secondary bacterial infection

What is the pathognomonic sign for FHV-1?

Dendritic ulcer

Is ganciclovir 0.15% Vitocidal or virostatic?

Virostatic

What signs does feline calicivirus cause?

Conjunctivitis Resp disease Oral ulceration Poly arthritis

Which infection causes a ‘snow storm’ appearance of inflammatory cells within the anterior vitreous?

FIV

Which infection causes a D shaped pupil?

FeLV

What are the clinical signs of feline panleukopaenia virus in kittens?

``` Cerebellar hypoplasia (hypermetria, ataxia) Retinal dysplasia ```

How is Feline Panleukopaenia Virus transmitted?

Direct contact, fomites, in utero

Which breed are predisposed to aspergillosis? What are the clinical signs? How is it transmitted?

German shepherd Panuveitis, Chorioretinitis, retinal detachments, endopthalmitis Via spores

What are the ocular clinical signs of toxoplasmosis? What are the other clinical signs? Diagnosis? What is the treatment? What is the definitive host?

*Chorioretinitis* Uveitis - can recur even when toxo cleared Optic neuritis ``` Pyrexic Anorexia Pneumonia Myosotis Hepatitis Neuro signs ``` Clindamycin for 28days Testing IgM and IgG antibodies 2-4w apart (IgM rises then falls, IgG rises more slowly but stays higher for longer so May still be high even though not infected) 4 fold rise- infection present Cats

What are the ocular signs of neospora? What are the other Signs? Diagnosis? Prognosis

``` *Retinochoroiditis* Anterior uveitis Extraocular myosotis Horners syndrome Trigeminal neuropathy ``` Ascending paralysis Hyperextension of hindlimbs ``` CSF PCR Tissue histology (v similar to toxo!) ``` Guarded

What are the ocular clinical signs of leishmaniasis? What are the other signs? What is the incubation history? What is it transmitted by?

Anterior uveitis Periocular dermatitis Keratoconjunctivitis Cutaneous/ mucocutaneous and visceral signs Emaciation Weakness Chronic non pruritic skin lesions CRF few months to 3-4years Sandflies Blood donation Vertical and venereal transmission

What are the ocular signs of angiostrongylosis? Where do mature parasites sit? Treatment?

Subconjunctival haemorrhage Hyphaema Severe granulomatous Uveitis (L3 larvae) Pulmonary artery and right heart Imacloprid/ moxidectin (advocate) Pred forte, atropine, surgical removal of larvae in anterior chamber

How is toxocariasis (roundworm) normally transmitted? What ocular signs can it cause?

Placenta/ milk/ ingestion of eggs/ host (rodents) Retinal degeneration

What can enrofloxacin cause?

Irreversible retinal degeneration in cats, Tapetal hyperreflectivity Blindness and mydriasis

What ocular signs can ivermectin cause? Which gene can make collies predisposed? Recovery?

Absent menace responses Mydriasis Variable PLR Vision loss (+/- retinal changes) Neuro signs MDR1 Most recover within 2-10days and get vision back

What can sulphonamides cause?

KCS

What is the most common cause of hypertension in dogs?

Renal disease

What is the most common cause of hypertension in cats?

Renal disease

What is the mechanism of hypertension to the eye in cats?

What is the first line treatment for hypertension in cats? What are other treatments? Can vision return?

Amlodopine Telmisartan (semintra) Ace inhibitor benazepril Yes if treated swiftly (within a week)

What causes hyperviscosity syndrome? What are the ocular Signs?

``` Elevated serum protein levels Monoclonal gammopathy/ Polycythaemia Neoplasia Erlichiosis FIP ``` Sausage like appearance to retinal vessels Aneurysms Retinal/ vitreal haemorrhage Retinal detachments

Which dog breed is predisposed to hyperlipidaemia? What can this cause do to the retinal vessels?

Miniature schnauzer Pale pink engorged vessels

What are the ocular signs of dysautonomia?

Dilated non responsive pupils Protrusion of TEL Decreased tear production

Which breed are affected by systemic histiocytosis? What are the ocular clinical signs? Other clinical signs? What is the cause? What should this be differentiated from?

Bernese mountain dog Eyelid masses Episcleral nodules Anterior/ posterior uveitis Anorexia Depression Weight loss Cutaneous and Nasal infiltration and depigmentation Immune mediated Malignant histiocytosis

In DM what pathway is up regulated because of the increase of glucose in the lens via the aqueous humour? Via which enzyme?

Sorbitol pathway Aldose reductase

What is this?

Arcus lipoides

What is this? What condition could it indicate?

Arcus lipoides Hypothyroidism

What are the first signs of canine distemper virus? Then?

Conjunctivitis KCS Optic neuritis +/- encephalomyelitis Chorioretinitis Uveitis seen rarely

Where does herpes virus remain in a latent state?

Trigeminal ganglion

What are the main signs of primary infection of FHV-1?

Acute conjunctivitis Rhinotracheitis Bilateral Can lead to symblepharon, can block tear duct

What is stromal keratitis in FHV-1? What does it cause?

Immune mediated process directed at viral antigen within the corneal stroma Neovascularisation Inflammatory cellular infiltrate Corneal fibrosis

Which is the best test for FHV-1 (highest sensitivity and specificity)?

PCR

Famciclovir is converted to what in GIT? What condition should it be avoided in?

Penciclovir Renally compromised cats

What are the ocular signs of FIV?

``` Anterior uveitis Intermediate uveitis (pars planitis) ```

What is this (looks like banks of snow behind the lens?)?

Pars planitis Normally around the periphery

What are the signs of FeLV?

D shaped pupil Uveitis Effects on haemopoietic system; anaemia, hyphaema, retinal haemorrhages

Are cats more likely to have retinal dysplasia or Chorioretinitis?

Chorioretinitis (especially if anterior uveitis) | Retinal dysplasia v uncommon in cats!

What signs do erlichia cause? Diagnosis? Treatment?

Pyrexia Anorexia Lethargy Lymphadenopathy Chronic- thrombocytopenia, monoclonal gammopathy -> hyperviscosity syndrome ``` Conjunctival hyperaemia Anterior uveitis Chorioretinitis Retinal haemorrhage Optic neuritis ``` *think bleeding* Serology for E canis antibodies PCR on whole blood Doxy 5mg/kg BID for at least 2-3w

Which 2 infectious conditions can cause hyperviscosity syndrome?

FIP | Erlichia

What can fungal disease cause? How do animals get aspergillosis?

Keratitis Anterior uveitis Chorioretinitis Inhales spores

If you have an ulcer with a ‘cake icing’ appearance on it and was vv painful what infection would be involved?

Aspergillosis

How can you tell haemorrhage from pigment on the retina?

Use red free light, GREEN LIGHT, | Pigment will stay brown, haemorrhage will go black

If hyperlipidaemia associated with elevated cholesterol (rather than triglycerides) what are you likely to get? If you have high triglycerides what are you likely to get?

Corneal lipidosis Lipaemic aqueous

Which breed of cat has a familial hyperlipidaemia?

Burmese

Which condition is optic nerve head vascularisation pathopneumonic for?

Thiamine deficiency

What does excessive raw fish cause a deficiency in?

Thiamine

``` Which one protects photoreceptors from light and chemical damage? Thiamine Taurine Vitamin E Zinc ```

Taurine

Ocular Manifestations Of Ocular Disease Flashcards

(80 cards)