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Module 10 Neoplasia And Ocular Manifestations Of Systemic Disease > Ocular Manifestations Of Ocular Disease > Flashcards

Ocular Manifestations Of Ocular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is the condition in dogs and cats that causes;
Fragile hyperextensible and easily torn skin
Abnormal limbus, corneal clouding, thin sclera, bilateral cataracts, lens luxation?

What test is done to diagnose this?

What is the inheritance?

A

Ehler’s Danlos Syndrome

Extensible index, extending skin fold over dorsal lumbar area maximally without inducing pain and dividing this figure by body length x100. If >14.5%, hyperextendable

Autosomal dominant

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2
Q

Which breed is affected by Chediak-Higashi?

What is the inheritance?

What are the clinical signs?

A

Persian

Autosomal recessive

Pale irides, retinal hypopigmentation, tapetal degeneration, cataracts, nystagmus

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3
Q

Which breed is affected by Keratoconjunctivits Sicca Ichthyosiform dermatosis (KCSID)?

What are the clinical signs?

What is the treatment?

What is the inheritance?

A

CKCS

Curly/rough coat from birth, scaly flanks + dorsum, alopecia, hyperkeratosis of footpads
KCS

Lubricants (lacrimostimulants don’t have much effect)

Autosomal recessive

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4
Q

Which breeds are affected by Oculo-Skeletal Dysplasia?

What is the inheritance?

What are the clinical signs?

A

Lab
Samoyed

Autosomal recessive

Retinal dysplasia, retinal detachment - blind
Short legged dwarfism

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5
Q

What is the primary cause of cataracts in dogs? Secondary?

A

Inherited

DM

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6
Q

What type of uveitis does a DM cataract cause?

What % of dogs with DM will get cataracts within 6months?

A

Phacolytic uveitis

75%

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7
Q

What ocular signs can DM cause?

A 
Cataracts
Endothelial cell loss
Reduced corneal sensation
Reduced STT
Lower TFBUT (reduction in goblet cell densities)
Conjunctival retinal dysplasia 
Retinal changes
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8
Q

What are the ocular signs of hyperadrenocorticism?

A

Corneal ulceration
Corneal calcification
KCS

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9
Q

What are the ocular signs of hypothyroidism?

A 
KCS
Hypertensive retinal changes
Hyperlipidaemia 
Corneal arcus adjacent to the limbus 
Facial nerve paresis/ paralysis
Peripheral/ Central vestibular disease
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10
Q

What are the ocular signs of hyperparathyroidism/ secondary nutritional hypoparathyroidism?

A

Cataracts (caused by hypocalcaemia

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11
Q

What can be a secondary ocular effect from hyperparathyroidism?

A

Fundic signs from hypertension

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12
Q

What deficiency does a milk replacer cause?

What does this cause?

A

Arginine

Cataract (spheroidal/ ring shaped)

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13
Q

What signs does taurine deficiency in cats cause?

Where is taurine found?

A

Dilated cardiomyopathy
Feline central retinal degeneration

Inner and outer segments of photoreceptors

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14
Q

What causes thiamine deficiency in cats?

What is the pathognomonic sign?

What are the other signs?

Are the ocular signs reversible?a

A

Raw fish diet (contains thiaminases)
Or severe GI disease

Optic nerve head vascularisation

Progressive neuro signs
Fixed dilated pupils 
Papilloedema
Optic nerve head vascularisation (pathognomonic)
Peripherally retinal haemorrhage

No

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15
Q

What are the signs of vitamin E deficiency?

What is the cause?

What should be tested?

What accumulates?

Which breed has a familial trait?

Are the neuro signs reversible?
Are the optho signs reversible?

What is the difference with PRA?

A

Mottled tapetal fundus with Yellow-brown foci then hyper reflective centrally and vascular attenuation
Vision affected

Poor diet

Alpha tocopherol levels

Lipofuscin

English cocker spaniels

Neuro signs are reversible, optho signs are not

This doesn’t normally go to total blindness, PRA does

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16
Q

Which breeds (2) get zinc deficiency?

What are the clinical signs?

What is the difference with these signs and UVD?

Can this be reversed?

Is treatment lifelong?

A

Siberian husky
Alaskan malamute

Periocular alopecia, crusting, scaling

Zinc deficiency has crusting around the eyes which doesn’t happen in UVD
No uveitis with zinc deficiency

Yes

Yes

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17
Q

Which breeds are affected by uveodermatological syndrome (UVD)?

What are the signs?

What is the cause?

What is the treatment?

What can you see in histology?

A

Japanese Akita
Siberian husky
Samoyed

Vitiligo
Granulomatous anterior +/ posterior uveitis (can lead to retinal detachment)
Poliosis (lack of pigment) of periocular skin, lips, muzzle, nasal planum

Immune mediated

Topical and oral immunosuppressive steroids, ciclosporin
Topical atropine
Non prostaglandin analogue anti glaucoma drugs (brinzolamide) if increase in IOP

Melanin filled macrophages

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18
Q

What age and sized dogs are affected by granulomatous meningoencephalitis?

What does it cause histologically?

What are the signs?

What is the prognosis?

A

Young
Small breed

Perivascular cuffing with macrophages and lymphocytes in brain tissue

Sudden blindness
Papilloedema
Peripapillary haemorrhage
Retinal detachments

Poor

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19
Q

What are the clinical signs of canine juvenile cellulitis?

What is the treatment?

A

Granulomatous pustular dermatitis
Blepharitis
SMLNS lymphadenopathy

Lethargic
Anorexia
Pyrexia
Joint pain

Immunosuppressive therapy and ABs

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20
Q

What age does extraocular myosotis normally affect? Gender? Breed

How do you diagnose?

Treatment?

Recurrence?

A

<1yo
FE
Golden retrievers

Bilateral exophthalmos without TEL protrusion
360’ scleral show
Retraction of upper eyelids
Non painful

U/S thickened extraocular muscles
MRI

Immunosuppression, prednisolone +/- ciclosporin

Common

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21
Q

What are the clinical signs of masticatory myosotis?

What size dogs are predisposed?

Diagnosis?

A

Bilateral exophthalmos with TEL protrusion then Enophthalmos
Anorexia, pyrexia, pain opening mouth/ palpation of head.

Large breeds

Serum antibodies against 2M muscle fibres
Biopsy of muscle- plasma cells and lymphocytes

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22
Q

How do cats get bartonellosis?

What does it cause?

Is it in the uk

A

Flea Excrement

Anterior uveitis
Chorioretinitis

No

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23
Q

Is brucellosis in dogs seen in the uk?

A

No

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24
Q

What ocular sign does leptospirosis cause?

A

Uveitis

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25
Q

What are the clinical signs of tetanus?

What is tetanus?

What is the treatment?

A 
Lockjaw
Pulled back lips
Wrinkled forehead
Erect ears 
TEL protrusion 
Enophthalmos

Gram positive anaerobic spore forming bacillus

Penicillin

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26
Q

What are the ocular clinical signs of chlamydiosis?

Other systems affected?

Treatment?

Diagnosis?

Prevention?

A 
*Chemosis*
hyperaemia
blepharospasm
Serous followed by mucopurulent discharge 
Unilateral then bilateral
NO CORNEAL LESIONS

Resp, GIT, genital signs

PCR

Vaccine

Topical tetracycline TID (ophtocycline) 1-2weeks
Oral doxy or amoxy clav for 3-4w

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27
Q

What ocular signs do mycobacteriosis cause?

Which form is normally seen with ocular signs, tuberculous or non tuberculous?

A

Granulomatous choroiditis
Subretinal haemorrhage
Retinal detachment

Non tuberculous

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28
Q

What does mycoplasmosis cause?

What is the treatment for mycoplasma?

What conditions can predispose to mycoplasma?

A

Feline conjunctivitis

Sens to many topicals and Oral doxy

FHV-1 or chlamydophila

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29
Q

What ocular signs can canine distemper cause?

A

Conjunctivitis
KCS
Optic neuritis
Chorioretinitis

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30
Q

What ocular signs can be seen in newborn puppies with canine herpes virus?

Adult dogs?

A

Keratitis
Panuveitis
Retinal necrosis
Optic neuritis

Corneal ulceration

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31
Q

What are the ocular signs of canine Adenovirus?

What can happen post vaccination of a modified live vaccs of adenovirus?

A

Severe anterior uveitis
Corneal oedema
BLUE EYES

Blue eye ~7d post infection;
Arthus reaction; antigen antibody complexes deposited on corneal endothelium disrupts the Na/K ATPase pumps, water accumulates in corneal stroma. Corneal oedema

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32
Q

What are the ocular signs of coronavirus/ FIP?

What is the treatment?

A 
Anterior uveitis
Chorioretinitis
Perivascular cuffing 
Box carring of vessels from hyperviscosity changes 
KPs

Anti viral remdesivir

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33
Q

Which infection can cause Ophthalmia neonatorum in kittens?

What is ophthalmia neonatorum?

What is the treatment?

A

FHV-1

Infection before time of eyelid opening

Surgical opening of eyelids,
irrigation of cornea,
treating secondary bacterial infection

34
Q

What is the pathognomonic sign for FHV-1?

A

Dendritic ulcer

35
Q

Is ganciclovir 0.15% Vitocidal or virostatic?

A

Virostatic

36
Q

What signs does feline calicivirus cause?

A

Conjunctivitis
Resp disease
Oral ulceration
Poly arthritis

37
Q

Which infection causes a ‘snow storm’ appearance of inflammatory cells within the anterior vitreous?

A

FIV

38
Q

Which infection causes a D shaped pupil?

A

FeLV

39
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline panleukopaenia virus in kittens?

A 
Cerebellar hypoplasia (hypermetria, ataxia)
Retinal dysplasia
40
Q

How is Feline Panleukopaenia Virus transmitted?

A

Direct contact, fomites, in utero

41
Q

Which breed are predisposed to aspergillosis?

What are the clinical signs?

How is it transmitted?

A

German shepherd

Panuveitis, Chorioretinitis, retinal detachments, endopthalmitis

Via spores

42
Q

What are the ocular clinical signs of toxoplasmosis?

What are the other clinical signs?

Diagnosis?

What is the treatment?

What is the definitive host?

A

Chorioretinitis
Uveitis - can recur even when toxo cleared
Optic neuritis

Pyrexic
Anorexia
Pneumonia
Myosotis 
Hepatitis
Neuro signs

Clindamycin for 28days

Testing IgM and IgG antibodies 2-4w apart (IgM rises then falls, IgG rises more slowly but stays higher for longer so May still be high even though not infected)
4 fold rise- infection present

Cats

43
Q

What are the ocular signs of neospora?

What are the other Signs?

Diagnosis?

Prognosis

A 
*Retinochoroiditis*
Anterior uveitis
Extraocular myosotis 
Horners syndrome
Trigeminal neuropathy

Ascending paralysis
Hyperextension of hindlimbs

CSF PCR
Tissue histology (v similar to toxo!)

Guarded

44
Q

What are the ocular clinical signs of leishmaniasis?

What are the other signs?

What is the incubation history?

What is it transmitted by?

A

Anterior uveitis
Periocular dermatitis
Keratoconjunctivitis

Cutaneous/ mucocutaneous and visceral signs
Emaciation
Weakness
Chronic non pruritic skin lesions

CRF

few months to 3-4years

Sandflies
Blood donation
Vertical and venereal transmission

45
Q

What are the ocular signs of angiostrongylosis?

Where do mature parasites sit?

Treatment?

A

Subconjunctival haemorrhage
Hyphaema
Severe granulomatous Uveitis (L3 larvae)

Pulmonary artery and right heart

Imacloprid/ moxidectin (advocate)
Pred forte, atropine, surgical removal of larvae in anterior chamber

46
Q

How is toxocariasis (roundworm) normally transmitted?

What ocular signs can it cause?

A

Placenta/ milk/ ingestion of eggs/ host (rodents)

Retinal degeneration

47
Q

What can enrofloxacin cause?

A

Irreversible retinal degeneration in cats,
Tapetal hyperreflectivity
Blindness and mydriasis

48
Q

What ocular signs can ivermectin cause?

Which gene can make collies predisposed?

Recovery?

A

Absent menace responses
Mydriasis
Variable PLR
Vision loss (+/- retinal changes)

Neuro signs

MDR1

Most recover within 2-10days and get vision back

49
Q

What can sulphonamides cause?

A

KCS

50
Q

What is the most common cause of hypertension in dogs?

A

Renal disease

51
Q

What is the most common cause of hypertension in cats?

A

Renal disease

52
Q

What is the mechanism of hypertension to the eye in cats?

A
53
Q

What is the first line treatment for hypertension in cats?

What are other treatments?

Can vision return?

A

Amlodopine

Telmisartan (semintra)
Ace inhibitor benazepril

Yes if treated swiftly (within a week)

54
Q

What causes hyperviscosity syndrome?

What are the ocular Signs?

A 
Elevated serum protein levels
Monoclonal gammopathy/ Polycythaemia 
Neoplasia 
Erlichiosis
FIP

Sausage like appearance to retinal vessels
Aneurysms
Retinal/ vitreal haemorrhage
Retinal detachments

55
Q

Which dog breed is predisposed to hyperlipidaemia?

What can this cause do to the retinal vessels?

A

Miniature schnauzer

Pale pink engorged vessels

56
Q

What are the ocular signs of dysautonomia?

A

Dilated non responsive pupils
Protrusion of TEL
Decreased tear production

57
Q

Which breed are affected by systemic histiocytosis?

What are the ocular clinical signs?

Other clinical signs?

What is the cause?

What should this be differentiated from?

A

Bernese mountain dog

Eyelid masses
Episcleral nodules
Anterior/ posterior uveitis

Anorexia
Depression
Weight loss
Cutaneous and Nasal infiltration and depigmentation

Immune mediated

Malignant histiocytosis

58
Q

In DM what pathway is up regulated because of the increase of glucose in the lens via the aqueous humour?

Via which enzyme?

A

Sorbitol pathway

Aldose reductase

59
Q

What is this?

A

Arcus lipoides

60
Q

What is this?

What condition could it indicate?

A

Arcus lipoides

Hypothyroidism

61
Q

What are the first signs of canine distemper virus?

Then?

A

Conjunctivitis

KCS
Optic neuritis +/- encephalomyelitis
Chorioretinitis

Uveitis seen rarely

62
Q

Where does herpes virus remain in a latent state?

A

Trigeminal ganglion

63
Q

What are the main signs of primary infection of FHV-1?

A

Acute conjunctivitis
Rhinotracheitis
Bilateral
Can lead to symblepharon, can block tear duct

64
Q

What is stromal keratitis in FHV-1?

What does it cause?

A

Immune mediated process directed at viral antigen within the corneal stroma

Neovascularisation
Inflammatory cellular infiltrate
Corneal fibrosis

65
Q

Which is the best test for FHV-1 (highest sensitivity and specificity)?

A

PCR

66
Q

Famciclovir is converted to what in GIT?

What condition should it be avoided in?

A

Penciclovir

Renally compromised cats

67
Q

What are the ocular signs of FIV?

A 
Anterior uveitis 
Intermediate uveitis (pars planitis)
68
Q

What is this (looks like banks of snow behind the lens?)?

A

Pars planitis

Normally around the periphery

69
Q

What are the signs of FeLV?

A

D shaped pupil
Uveitis
Effects on haemopoietic system; anaemia, hyphaema, retinal haemorrhages

70
Q

Are cats more likely to have retinal dysplasia or Chorioretinitis?

A

Chorioretinitis (especially if anterior uveitis)

Retinal dysplasia v uncommon in cats!

71
Q

What signs do erlichia cause?

Diagnosis?

Treatment?

A

Pyrexia
Anorexia
Lethargy
Lymphadenopathy

Chronic- thrombocytopenia, monoclonal gammopathy -> hyperviscosity syndrome

Conjunctival hyperaemia
Anterior uveitis 
Chorioretinitis 
Retinal haemorrhage
Optic neuritis

think bleeding

Serology for E canis antibodies
PCR on whole blood

Doxy 5mg/kg BID for at least 2-3w

72
Q

Which 2 infectious conditions can cause hyperviscosity syndrome?

A

FIP

Erlichia

73
Q

What can fungal disease cause?

How do animals get aspergillosis?

A

Keratitis
Anterior uveitis
Chorioretinitis

Inhales spores

74
Q

If you have an ulcer with a ‘cake icing’ appearance on it and was vv painful what infection would be involved?

A

Aspergillosis

75
Q

How can you tell haemorrhage from pigment on the retina?

A

Use red free light, GREEN LIGHT,

Pigment will stay brown, haemorrhage will go black

76
Q

If hyperlipidaemia associated with elevated cholesterol (rather than triglycerides) what are you likely to get?

If you have high triglycerides what are you likely to get?

A

Corneal lipidosis

Lipaemic aqueous

77
Q

Which breed of cat has a familial hyperlipidaemia?

A

Burmese

78
Q

Which condition is optic nerve head vascularisation pathopneumonic for?

A

Thiamine deficiency

79
Q

What does excessive raw fish cause a deficiency in?

A

Thiamine

80
Q 
Which one protects photoreceptors from light and chemical damage?
Thiamine
Taurine
Vitamin E
Zinc
A

Taurine

Module 10 Neoplasia And Ocular Manifestations Of Systemic Disease (2 decks)

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