Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neuro 2 > Ocular Pharmacology > Flashcards

Ocular Pharmacology Flashcards

(66 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Where is dilator smooth muscle and how is it orientated?

A

anterior to the pigmented epithelium and is oriented radially

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where in the pupil constrictor (sphincter) smooth muscle and how is it orientated?

A

pupillary margin and is organized in a circular band

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What nervous system causes pupil dilation? Via what receptor?

A

Sympathetic

Alpha-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What other effects does the sympathetic nervous system have on the eye? Via what receptors?

A 
Aqueous humor production (alpha-2/beta-2)
Lacrimal secretions (alpha-1)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What nervous system causes pupil constriction? Via what receptor?

A

Parasympathetic

M3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What other effects does the parasympathetic nervous system have on the eye? Via what receptors?

A

lacrimal secretions (M2/M3)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Where are the three places where ocular (topical) drugs can have systemic effects?

A
  • Cheeks
  • GI tract (post lacrimal drainage)
  • General circulation (via ocular blood vessels)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

True or false: the eye contains metabolic enzymes.

A

TRUE (ex. esterases, peptiases, MOA, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the role of the metabolic enzymes contained within the eye during drug therapy?

A

can convert more penetrative pro-drugs to their active form once they have entered the eye (improved therapy and diminished toxicity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

List the muscarinic antagonists used on the eye.

A 
CHATS
Cyclopentolate
Homotropine
Atropine
Tropicamide
Scopolamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

List the muscarinic agonists used in the eye.

A

Carbachol
Pilocarpine
Aceylcholine HCl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

List the AchE inhibitor used in the eye.

A

Echothiopate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

List the sympathomimetics used in the eye

A 
Dipivefrin
Phenylephrine
Apraclonidine
Brimonidine
Naphazoline
Tetrahydrozoline
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

List the PG analogs used in the eye.

A

Latanoprost
Travoprost
Bimatoprost

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

List the beta-adrenergic antagonists used in the eye.

A

Timolol Maleate
Levobunolol
Metipranolol
Carteolol

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

List the carbonic anhydrase inhibitors used in the eye.

A

Dorzolamide

Brinzolamide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What drug class is used for:
Dilation of eye (mydriasis) for exam
Treatment of isis/uveal tract inflammation?

A

Muscarinic antagonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q 
What drug class is used for:
Constriction (miosis); Glaucoma?
A

Muscarinic agonists

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are AchE inhibitors used for?

A

glaucoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Sympatheticomimetic used in glaucoma only?

A

dipivefrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Sympatheticomimetic used for Mydriasis, decongestant, vasoconstriction?

A

phenylephrine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sympatheticomimetic used in glaucoma AND ocular HTN?

A

Brimonidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Sympatheticomimetic used in ocular HTN only?

A

apraclonidine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Sympatheticomimetics used as decongestants only?

A

naphazoline

tetrahydrozoline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What drug class is first line treatment for glaucoma?
PG analogs
26
What drug classes are used as alternative or adjunctive to PG analog for glaucoma?
Beta-adrenergic antagonists | Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors
27
MOA: Block M receptors in cornea, lacrimal glands, and iris sphincter and ciliary muscles
Muscarinic antagonists
28
Muscarinic antagonists found in Angel's Trumpets?
atropine | scopolamine
29
MOA: Constrict the pupil to encourage flow of aqueous humor and improve glaucoma.
Muscarinic agonists | AchE inhibitor
30
MOA: epinephrine pro drug.
dipivefrin
31
MOA: alpha-2 stimulation which leads to decreased IOP by increasing outflow of aqueous humor
apraclonidine | brimonidine
32
MOA: alpha stimulation which leads to decreased IOP by increasing outflow of aqueous humor
Phenylephrine Naphazoline Tetrahydrozoline
33
MOA: Possibly facilitate aqueous outflow via accessory uveoscleral outflow pathway
PG analogs: Latanoprost Travoprost Bimatoprost
34
What is interesting about the pharmacokinetics of PG analogs?
Prodrug→ in situ hydrolysis
35
MOA: Block ciliary body and blood vessel β2 receptors to decrease aqueous humor production (cAMP-PKA stimulation) OR decrease ocular blood flow and ultrafiltration that produces the humor.
``` beta-adrenergic antagonists: TImolol Maleate Levobunolol Metipranolol Carteolol ```
36
MOA: Blockage of catalyzes conversion of CO2 to HCO3- (by Zn containing metalloprotein= CA2) whih reduces fluid transport and decreases IOP
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: Dorzolamide Brinzolamide
37
Muscarinic antagonists are contraindicated in what conditions?
glaucoma | sulfite allergy
38
List some local toxicities of muscarinic antagonists.
Myadriasis, cytoplegia and photophobia; Increases ICP, stings/burns
39
List some systemic toxicities of muscarinic antagonists.
dry mouth, tachy-cardia, palpitations, somnolence, patients iwth increased risk of retinal detachment
40
Muscarinic agonists should be used with caution in what conditions?
CV failure, asthma, peptic ulcer
41
Muscarinic agnoists are contraindicated in what conditions?
iritis, uveitis, inflammation of anterior chamber
42
Why do young patients tend to stop taking muscarinic agonists as prescribed?
visual blurring (myopia)
43
Echothiopate can cause cataracts in what patients?
’phakic patients”
44
Which is more toxic, a muscarinic agonist or an AchE inhibitor?
AchE inhibitor
45
Echothiopate is contraindicated in what condition?
Closed-Angle Glaucoma due to  ICP
46
Echotiopate should NOT be taken with what drugs?
carbamate/ phosphate insecticides
47
What drug class causes photosensitivity, conjunctival hyperemia, hypersensitivity but has RARE systemic effects?
Sympathomimetics
48
Sympathomimetics should be used with caution in what conditions?
HTN, hyperthyroidism, diabetes, arteriosclerosis, and asthma
49
What are the acute toxicities of PG analogs?
blurred vision, burning, stinging, itching of eyes
50
What is the strange systemic toxicity of PG analogs?
Lengthens and thickens eyelashes (hypotrichosis), permanent brown pigmentation of iris/eyelids
51
What drug class is co-formulated with preservatives (benzalkonium chloride) that can damage soft contact lenses?
Beta-adrenergic antagonists
52
What drug class is known for historical bacterial contamination?
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
53
What is a systemic adverse effect of carbonic anhydrase inhibitors?
dysgeusia (bitter taste from inhibiting CA2 in mouth)
54
In what condition are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors contraindicated?
sulfa allergy
55
What is the average IOP?
10-21 mm Hg
56
What is the condition in which drainage of the aqueous humor is impaired, the pressure within the eye increases, compression of the retina occurs and damage the optic nerve results?
glaucoma
57
What are the goals for treatment of open angle glaucoma?
decrease aqueous humor production and/or increase aqueous outflow
58
What is the treatment for closed angle glaucoma?
surgical iridectomy; short-term medical management to decrease IOP and clear cornea before surgery
59
Name the IV VEGF decoy receptor.
Aflibercept
60
Name the IV VEGF antagonist.
Pegaptanib
61
Name the IV VEGF mAb's.
Ranibizumab | Bevacizumab
62
Name the IV non-thermal laster activator that generates free radicals.
verteporfin
63
How does verteporfin work?
Free radicals lead to vessel damage and subsequent platelet activation, thromosis, and occlusion of the choroidal neovascularization
64
What are the risks of VEGF mAbs, antagonists, and decoy receptors?
Arterial thromboembolic events like TE, nonfatal stroke, nonfatal MI, or vascular death
65
What do you advise patients of who get verteporfin for their macular degeneration treatment?
they will get temporary photosensitization (avoid direct sun for 5 days)
66
How do opioids cause pinpoint pupils?
depressant effect on an inhibitory neuron (which then allows unregulated and spontaneous cholinergic stimulation from pupilloconstrictor neurons in the E-W nucleus) and is affected very minimally by the peripheral sympathetic dilator muscle.

Neuro 2 (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions