Oedema** Flashcards

1
Q

Oedema definition

A

Excessive fluid in the interstitium.

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2
Q

Causes of oedema.

A
  • Acute inflammation

As well as haemodynamic causes:

  • Increased hydrostatic pressure
  • Reduced colloid osmotic pressure
  • Sodium-water retention
  • Lymphatic obstruction
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3
Q

Mechanisms by which acute inflammation causes oedema

A

Increased permeability to both protein and water results in an exudate (fluid with specific gravity >1.020).

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4
Q

Causes of increased hydrostatic pressure

A

Impaired venous return

  • Congestive heart fialure
  • Impaired venous return due to compression or obstruction
  • Constrictive pericarditis
  • Ascites due to liver cerrhosis
  • Lower extremity inactivity with prolonged dependency
  • Pregnancy
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5
Q

Causes of reduced colloid osmotic pressure

A
  • Protein loss due to nephrotic syndrome
  • Protein loss due to malabsorption/low intake
  • Failure of protein synthesis due to liver disease
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6
Q

Causes of sodium/water retention

A
  • Acute renal failure
  • Disturbance of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  • Secondary to cardiac failure or hypoproteinaemia
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7
Q

Causes of lymphatic obstruction

A
  1. Inflammatory
  2. Neoplastic
  3. Post surgical
  4. Post irradiation
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8
Q

When do transudate and exudate occur? What is the difference.

A

Exudate is a fluid with a specific gravity >1.020 which contains protein and water. It occurs during accute inflammation.

Transudante has a specific gravity of <1.020 and has a low protein content. It occurs during haemodynamic disturbance.

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9
Q

Effects and outcomes of oedema

A

The effects depend on te location and the time course

Pulmonary and cerebral oedema are clinical emergencies.

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