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LSS Alimentary System > oesophagus and stomach > Flashcards

oesophagus and stomach Flashcards

oesophagus: list the main functions, anatomical levels, anatomical relations, organisation and function of muscle types, and epithelia of the oesophagus

1
Q

what is the oral cavity bound by

A

teeth to front and sides, tongue to bottom, hard and soft plates to top, oropharynx to rear

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2
Q

how many teeth in an adult human

A

32

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3
Q

what types of teeth are present and how many

A

8 incisors, 4 canines, 8 premolars, 12 molars

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4
Q

function of incisors and canines

A

bite and rip food

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5
Q

function of premolars and molars

A

grind food down

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6
Q

what is the name for the jawbone

A

mandible

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7
Q

what is the largest jaw muscle

A

massater muscle

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8
Q

what is the massater muscle responsible for

A

biting action

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9
Q

what two major digestive enzymes do salivary glands secrete

A

lingual lipase, salivary amylase

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10
Q

what is lingual lipase involved with

A

fat digestion

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11
Q

what is salivary amylase involved with

A

carbohydrate digestion

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12
Q

what is the name given to the mixture of food and saliva

A

bollus

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13
Q

what two types of muscles form the tongue

A

intrinsic, extrinsic

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14
Q

what are intrinsic tongue muscles responsible for

A

fine motor control, including enunciating specific sounds or moving food around the mouth

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15
Q

what are extrinsic muscles responsible for

A

groos movements of the tongue (in, out, up, down), aiding mechanical digestion

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16
Q

key functions of the tongue

A

speech, eating, taste

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17
Q

what two structures ensure food reaches the stomach and air reaches the lungs

A

epiglottis, upper oesophageal sphincter

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18
Q

movements of epiglottis and upper oesophageal sphincter at rest and swallowing

A

at rest the oesophageal sphincter is tonically active (both sphincters shut) and the epiglottis is upright; during swallowing (centre in brain) the epiglottis comes down to cover the entrance to the trachea as the bolus of food moves through the pharynx, and the upper oesophageal sphincter relaxes to allow it to flow into the oesophagus (swallowing has a more powerful effect on upper oesophageal sphincter (skeletal) vs lower (smooth))

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19
Q

what is the oesophagus

A

conduit tube connecting oral cavity and stomach

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20
Q

what two muscles form the upper oesophagael sphincter

A

constrictor pharyngeal medius, constrictor pharyngeal inferior

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21
Q

what does the constrictor pharyngeal medius have commonality with

A

circular muscle layer of GI tract

22
Q

what does the constrictor pharyngeal inferior have commonality with

A

longitudinal muscle layer

23
Q

how long is the oesophagus in a typical adult male

A

25cm

24
Q

what type of muscle makes up the upper oesophagus

A

skeletal

25
Q

what type of muscle makes up the lower oesophagus

A

smooth

26
Q

what type of muscle makes the middle third of the oesophagus

A

mixture of skeletal and smooth

27
Q

what control is the oesophagus under

A

involuntary despite skeletal muscle

28
Q

what pressure is the oesophagus under most of the time

A

negative

29
Q

epithelial lining of oesophagus to jagged z-line and reason

A

non-keratinised stratified squamous cells, to allow abrasive damage (temperature and texture) of bolus without loss of function; after z-line becomes simple columnar

30
Q

epithelial lining of lower oesophageal sphincter and reason

A

simple columnar epithelia to tolerate stomach conditions

31
Q

swallowing: stage 0 - oral phase

A

chewing and saliva prepare bolus for swallowing; both oesophageal sphincters constricted

32
Q

swallowing: stage 1 - pharyngeal phase

A

bolus moves to back of pharynx, pharyngeal musculature guides towards oesophagus; both oesophageal sphincters open

33
Q

swallowing: stage 2 - upper oesophageal phase

A

upper sphincter closes; local effect as superior rings of circular muscle contract as inferior rings dilate (peristalsis); sequential contractions of longitudinal muscle guide food down; if bolus is stuck, signal up to brain so release of second peristalitc wave

34
Q

swallowing: stage 3 - lower oesophageal phase

A

food passes through lower sphincter that then closes; peristaltic wave pushes food into stomach (able to work against gravity) - gastro-oesophageal junction; partly due to diaphagm (muscular contraction) and fold of stomach (empty so opening is narrow)

35
Q

what is the major plexus which innovates the gastrointestinal tract

A

myenteric plexus

36
Q

where does the myenteric plexus lie

A

immediately superficial to circular smooth muscle layer of gut wall and immediately deep to longitudinal smooth muscle

37
Q

does absorption of nutrients occur in the oesophagus

A

no

38
Q

structure of oesophagus when food is not pasing through

A

collapsed

39
Q

what is secreted into oesophagus

A

mucous; saliva lubricates also (but from mouth)

40
Q

colour of oesophageal epithelium

A

light pink

41
Q

define digestion

A

process of breaking down macromolecules to allow absorption

42
Q

define absorption

A

process of moving nutrients and water across a membrane

43
Q

oesophagus wall: mucosa layers

A

epithelium, lamina propria (loose connective tissue), muscularis mucosae

44
Q

oesophagus wall: submucosa layer

A

connective tissue containing nerve plexus, blood vessels and glands

45
Q

oesophagus wall: muscularis layer

A

smooth muscle containing nerve plexus, blood vessels

46
Q

oesophagus wall: serosa/adventitia layer

A

connective tissue +/- epithelium

47
Q

examples of secretory tissues outside of GIT

A

liver, pancreas

48
Q

what can oesophagus impact on

A

recurrent laryngeal nerves, pericardium

49
Q

where does oesophagus originate and terminate

A

originates around C5, through thorax into stomach (in abdomen)

50
Q

close structures to oesophagus

A

trachea, aorta, diaphragm, lungs, heart

LSS Alimentary System (40 decks)

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