Offensive Weapons

Question 1

S1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 makes it a criminal offence to…

Answer 1

…carry a weapon in a public place without lawful authority or reasonable excuse.

Question 2

What are made offensive weapons?

Is proof of intent required?

Answer 2

Items purely designed for causing injury to another, such as flick knives, knuckledusters and batons.

They serve no other purpose and, as such, there is no requirement to prove any intention to use the item

Question 3

What are adapted weapons?

Answer 3

Adapted weapons are innocent items that have been deliberately altered in some way to turn them into weapons.

A screwdriver with a deliberately sharpened point or a baseball bat hammered in with nails to make a spiky club are both examples of adapted weapons.

Question 4

What are intended weapons?

Answer 4

Any item in the suspects possession, with which he/she INTENDS to cause injury

e.g. if someone becomes involved in an altercation on the street and they take their belt off to use as a weapon, the belt becomes an intended weapon.

Possession alone will not be an offence; must demonstrate suspect intended to use it to cause injury. As such, the burden of proof lies with proving that they carried it intending to use it to cause injury. This proof can come from questioning the suspect.

Question 5

There are some very limited circumstances in which a suspect may put forward a reasonable excuse for having a weapon in their possession, the burden of proving lies with the defendant on the balance of probabilities.

Answer 5

“Instant arming” – If someone is being attacked and reaches out for an item close at hand and uses it as a weapon in self-defence, they will not commit this offence.

Used in their trade – When someone is in possession of an item because it is used in their trade, such as a chainsaw being carried by a tree surgeon

Question 6

Unreasonable excuses have been established by case law. Some of the most common ones which will not provide a defence include:

Answer 6

Forgetfulness - R v McCalla (1988) (e.g forgetting weapon in glovebox).

Ignorance - R v Densu (1997) (e.g not knowing true identity of article).

General self-defence - Evans v Hughes (1972) (e.g just in case he/she is attacked).

Question 7

State The Criminal Justice Act 1988, s139(1)

Answer 7

Any person who has:

an article which is bladed…

…or sharply pointed…

…with him in any public place…

…without lawful authority or good reason…

…shall be guilty of an offence.

Question 8

Any person who has:

an article which is bladed…

…or sharply pointed…

…with him in any public place…

…without lawful authority or good reason…

…shall be guilty of an offence.

Legislation?

Answer 8

s 139(1) of The Criminal Justice Act 1988

Question 9

What are Bladed Articles?

Answer 9

Anything with a blade.

Pocket knives with a blade less than 3 inches (7.62cm) long which cannot be locked in the open position are EXEMPT.

Lock-knives of any size, however, are included in the legislation, as is any kind of pocket knife or folding knife with a blade larger than 3 inches long.

Question 10

What are Sharply-Pointed Articles?

Answer 10

These can include almost any item with a sharp point. Common sense must apply though.

This law was not intended to see schoolchildren arrested for carrying geometry sets on their way to school.

Question 11

Penalties for carrying offensive weapons

Answer 11

The penalty under s.139 Criminal Justice Act 1988 is a maximum of four years’ imprisonment.

In general, if someone is in possession of a weapon, the offence under s.1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 will be preferred - flick knives, concealed blades etc. should be charged under that legislation rather than s.139 CJA 1988, even though they fall into both sets of legislation, as the penalty and starting point for sentencing are both higher.

Question 12

s.139A Criminal Justice Act 1988 extended the scope of the act by broadening “public place” to include what?

Answer 12

school premises. This included any land being used for the purposes of a school, including playgrounds and fields.

• s.139A(1) CJA 1988 refers to or sharply pointed article in a school
• s139A(2) CJA 1988 covers other offensive weapons in a school.

Question 13

s.139A Criminal Justice Act 1988 allows officers to do what?

Answer 13

This act also allows officers to enter school premises, by reasonable force if necessary, and search people and premises under s.139B CJA.

Any weapons found can also be seized under s.139B CJA.

Question 14

Weapons in a public place

Legislation?

Answer 14

s 1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953

Any person who without

Lawful authority

Has with them in any public place

Any offensive weapon

Shall be guilty of an offence

Triable either way and the penalty is a fine or imprisonment (6 months if tried summarily and four years if tried indictment).

Question 15

Weapons on a school premises

Legislation?

Answer 15

s 139A(2) Criminal Justice Act 1988

Any person who without

Reasonable excuse

Has with them on a school premises

Any offensive weapon

Shall be guilty of an offence

Question 16

Offence of threatening with article with blade or point or offensive weapon

s142 Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012

Answer 16

(1) A person is guilty of an offence if that person—
(a) has an article to which this section applies with him or her in a public place or on school premises,
(b) unlawfully and intentionally threatens another person with the article, and
(c) does so in such a way that there is an immediate risk of serious physical harm to that other person.

The maximum sentence under this offence is 4 years’ imprisonment.

Question 17

The Restriction of Offensive Weapons Act 1959 prevents what?

Answer 17

the manufacture, sale, hire, lending or giving of; any knife which opens automatically i.e. a flick knife, or a knife where the blade is released from the handle or sheath by the force of gravity i.e. a gravity knife.

This Act also prohibits the importation of the above articles.

Question 18

An offensive weapon for the purposes of the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 is…

Answer 18

Any article ‘made, adapted or intended’ for causing injury (s 1(4))

Question 19

s28 Violent Crime Reduction Act 2006

In this section “dangerous weapon” means—

Answer 19

(a) a firearm other than an air weapon or a component part of, or accessory to, an air weapon; or
(b) a weapon to which section 141 or 141A of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (c. 33) applies (specified offensive weapons, knives and bladed weapons).

Question 20

Under what legislation does a police officer have the power to search for offensive weapons?

Answer 20

s 1 of the PACE Act 1984.

Question 21

What are some possible defences for possessing a bladed or sharply pointed article in a public place?

Answer 21

Lawful authority (e.g police after seizure)

For use at work

Religious reasons (Sikh’s carrying kirpans)

Part of any national costume (e.g Scots carrying a skean dhu).

Question 22

A police officer on patrol notices some scissors and several craft knives inside a vehicle on the floor by the passenger seat. What needs to be considered and what action might be needed?

Answer 22

1. Does the driver have a reasonable excuse for the presence of items?
2. Who do the items belong to?
3. Does it seem likely a crime could be prevented if investigated further?
4. How could a police officer progress this matter further?
5. Could a police officer deal with the matter by reporting the suspect?

Question 23

Section 139A of the Criminal Justice Act 1998 prohibits what?

Answer 23

Certain weapons on school premises (s 139A(1) for bladed or sharply pointed articles, and s 139A(2) for other offensive weapons.

Question 24

Offence to threaten a person in a public place or school penalties?

Answer 24

Due to their location, these are aggravated offences.

Triable either way and the penalty is a fine or imprisonment (1 year if trialled summarily and 4 years on indictment).

If suspect found not guilty of aggravated offence at court, he/she can still be found guilty of one of the relevant basic possession offences (s 10 of the Prevention of Crime Act 1953 and s 12 of the CJA 1988

Question 25

s 64 of the Offences Against the Person Act 1861 prohibits what?

Answer 25

It is an offence to possess, make or manufacture any item with intent to commit, or enable any other person to commit, any other offence within the Act. The items include explosive substances, machines, and 'any other dangerous or noxious thing'. Imprisonment for up to two years.

Question 26

For certain weapons, it is an offensive to manufacture, import, sale or hire such an item... If the weapon in question is a 'specified weapon' the offence is committed under what...? For a flick knife or gravity knife, the offence is committed under...?

Answer 26

s 141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 s 1 of the Restriction of Offence Weapons Act 1959 These are both summary offences, with a penalty of 6 months imprisonment and a fine.

Question 27

s 141A (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 offence?

Answer 27

Any person who sells to a person under the age of 18 years an article to which this section applies shall be guilty of an offence and liable on summary conviction to imprisonment for a term not exceeding six months, or a fine

Question 28

Give examples of prohibited weapons contrary to S141 of the Criminal Justice Act 1988.

Answer 28

``` Knuckleduster Swordstick Handclaw Butterfly knife Flick Knife Gravity Knife Flick Gun Footclaw ```

Question 29

State the powers of arrest for possession of an offensive weapon in a public place.

Answer 29

Arrestable offence under 24(2) PACE

Question 30

DURRANT is walking down his local high street when he is stopped by police. One of the officers sees something that looks like a weapon in the waistband of his trousers and he is searched. The officers find a set of knuckledusters tucked into his trousers. DURRANT is arrested, but he protests that he hasn't committed any offence by being in possession of them. Is DURRANT correct and, either way, why?

Answer 30

No - DURRANT has committed an offence by merely being in possession of a "made" offensive weapon

Question 31

NASH is working behind a shop counter when a male comes in brandishing a knife, demanding that she hand over her takings. NASH panics and picks up a Stanley Knife that she keeps close by for opening boxes. As the male leans over the counter, she lashes out with the knife and slashes him in the face. The male runs out of the store bleeding heavily from his wound. Consider offensive weapon legislation, has NASH committed an offence in these circumstances?

Answer 31

No - NASH has picked up the knife in self-defence and is "instantly arming" herself

Question 32

NORTHEY is a schoolgirl who has recently been bullied inside and outside of school, on some occasions physically. In order to protect herself from further attacks in the future, NORTHEY has taken to carrying a small flick knife in her bag in case she is attacked so that she can use it to fend the bullies off. Does NORTHEY commit an offence in these circumstances?

Answer 32

Yes - Even though it is for "protection", NORTHEY is still carrying a weapon intending to use it

Question 33

WALLACE is a female office worker who often stays late. She has read a lot about attacks on females in the news in the area where she lives. She carries a small pen knife measuring 5cm in length, which does not lock into position. She carries this with the intention to use it to defend herself if attacked on her commute home. Which of the following statements is correct?

Answer 33

WALLACE commits the offence of carrying an intended offensive weapon with reference to section 1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953

Question 34

Section 141A of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 makes it an offence to sell or let or hire to a person under 18 years:

Answer 34

any knife, knife blade or razor blade any axe any sword any other article which has a blade or which is sharply pointed and which is made or adapted for use for causing injury to the person

Question 35

What are the main legislations to remember?

Answer 35

s1 Prevention of Crime Act 1953 (weapon in public place). s64 Offences Against the Person Act 1861 (possess, make or manufacture any item with intent to commit an act) s139 The Criminal Justice Act 1988 (bladed/ sharply pointed articles in a public place). s139A Criminal Justice Act 1988 (weapon in schools). s 141A (1) of the Criminal Justice Act 1988 (selling weapons to a person under 18) s142 Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012 (threatening with a weapon in a public place).

Question 36

What are the two types of imitation firearms?

Answer 36

s57: General imitations – those which have the appearance of firearms. Can't just hold your fingers under your coat. s1: Imitations of s1 Firearms: have their appearance and can be converted into such a firearm.

Question 37

What is a 'prohibited weapon'?

Answer 37

s5 Firearms Act 1968 Covers the more powerful or potentially destructive firearms and their ammunition.