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Hunts 1A > Onc part 1 stats > Flashcards

Onc part 1 stats Flashcards

1
Q

Both genders cancer MC

A

Breast
prostate
lung
colon

gender specific x 2 + lung colon

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2
Q

Deaths MC male

A

lung
prostate
colon
pancreas

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3
Q

Deaths female MC

A

Lung
Breast
Prostate
Colon
Pancreas

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4
Q

Female MC cancer

A

Breast
Lung
Colon
Uterine

gender specific + lung, colon + gender specific

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5
Q

Male MC cancer

A

Prostate
Lung
Colon
Bladder

gender specific + lung, colon + gender specific

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6
Q

Overall trend

A

Number of new cases increasing but deaths decreasing

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7
Q

how many deaths caused by cancer

A

1 in 4

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8
Q

how many cancer cases projected in 2024?

A

2M+ cancer cases projected in 2024

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9
Q

What racial group is cancer most deadly

A

African American

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10
Q

Most significant risk factor for cancer

A

age
2/3 caused by those older than 65

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11
Q

Global cancer trends

A

India is lip and oral cavity cancer – from chewing tobacco

Globally lung is the most common for men, and breast cancer for women

Mongolia is liver – Hep, C and alcohol abuse

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12
Q

3 factors cause cancer

A

Exposure to certain environmental factors (including diet, hormones)
Genetic makeup
Age and gender

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13
Q

Example of primary prevention

A

a genetic test reveals someone at risk for breast cancer.
chemopreventive agents or prophylactic surgery to avoid the cancer altogether

promote a healthy lifestyle to avoid all cancer

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14
Q

How big of a part does genes play in developing cancer

A

5%

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15
Q

MC smoking cancer

A

lung #1
upper aerodigestive tract and bladder

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16
Q

cigars

A

doubles risk for
Oral cancer
Esophageal cancer
when compared to cigarretes

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17
Q

Smokeless tobacco

A

dental caries, gingivitis, oral leukoplakia, and oral cancer
esophageal

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18
Q

Primary prevention includes

A

Tobacco cessation
Physical activity
Eating right, dietary modifications
Avoiding alcohol

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19
Q

Diets high in fat…

A

Increase cancer of breast, colon, prostate, and endometrium

Female+male + colon

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20
Q

Dietary fiber

A

reduces risk of colon polyps and invasive colon cancer

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21
Q

Recommendation to avoid what for colon cancer?

A

Avoid red meat, limit fat, stay away from processed meat like hot dogs, ham, sausages, deli meat. red meats are beef, pork, and lamb.
Recommend to focus on plant foods and fiber.
Obesity also leads to cancer so another reason to eat healthy.

22
Q

Alcohol cancer?

A

mouth –> stomach incl. esophagus.
liver
breast

23
Q

Examples of secondary prevention?

A

early detection & treatment
screening for cervical, colon, prostate, breast for certain age groups
lung cancer based on hx

sens, spec, ppv, npv apply to the screening tests

24
Q

Avoiding carcinogens is an example of what

A

primary prevention

25
breast cancer screening , how often
Ages 40-44 have the option to start screening with a mammogram every year. Women 45 to 54 should get mammograms every year. Women 55 and older can switch to a mammogram every other year, or they can choose to continue yearly mammograms. Screening should continue as long as a woman is in good health and is expected to live at least 10 more years. Some women – because of their family history, a genetic tendency, or certain other factors – should be screened with MRI in addition to mammograms.
26
CBE and/or SBE?
Clinical breast exam (CBE) is no longer recommended for women of **average-risk** Women should know how their breasts normally look and feel and report any breast change promptly to their health care provider. Breast self-exam (BSE) is an option for women starting in their **20s.**
27
The only time a clinical breast exam is done
In some situations, particularly for women at higher-than-average risk, for example, health care providers may still offer clinical breast exams.
28
breast cancer screening recommendations for HIGH risk patients
High risk = clinician exam, breast MRI yearly, mammo yearly, starting at age 30. the images are done 6 months apart.
29
Who is rated high risk for breast cancer?
- BRCA1/2 gene or 1st degree relative with it -family history of breast cancer - radiation therapy under 30 - Lifraumeni, Cowden, Bannavan-Riley-Ruvalcaba (or 1st deg. relative)
30
Colon Cancer screenings begin at
Age 45 through age 75.
31
Tests that only find colon cancer
yearly fecal occult test yearly fecal immunochemical test Stool DNA test
32
Tests that find both colon polyps and cancer
felxible sigmoidscopy every 5 years colonoscopy every 10 years double contrast barium enema every 5 years CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years
33
How often are paps and HPV tests done
ACS - 25 and up - HPV every 5 yrs and paps are done every 3 yrs USPTF - paps start at age 21, every 3 years. At age 30, same rec. as ACS
34
Staging vs monitoring
Monitoring detects reappearance. Staging detects extent, progression, and tx plan
35
What words to avoid and what words to use when delivering cancer news
Good = cancer, malignant Bad = fatal, terminal
36
Chance of cancer causing depression and how to diagnose depression
at least 2 weeks. 3 or more factors.
37
Meds for cancer caused depression
fluexotine, sertraline, paroxetine (SSRIs) or TCA 4-6 weeks for response, use for at least 6 months
38
first major determinant of treatment outcome/prognosis
Tumor burden -understanding the extent of the disease
39
How does TNM contribute to staging
You have a chart w/ corresponding TMN sections that tell you what stage the patient is in ## Footnote T = tumor size, invasion N = lymph node M = metastasis
40
which cancers don't use the TNM staging method
hematopoietic tumors such as leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma are often disseminated at presentation and do not spread like solid tumors.
41
What do we use to measure physiological reserve
Karnofsky, ECOG (Eastern cooperative oncology group) -100 normal for karn (0 to 100), 0 dead -5 is dead for ecog (0-5)
42
What is a bad physiological reserve
Old patient with Karn less than 70, or ECOG 3 or more
43
Can tumor markers diagnose?
No! Only a tissue bx can. Tumor markers are used to assess response to treatment.
44
CA-125
ovarian cancer, some lymphomas, Menstruation, peritonitis, pregnancy
45
CA 19-9
Colon, pancreatic, breast cancer Pancreatitis, ulcerative colitis
46
Prostate-specific antigen
Prostate cancer Prostitis, prostatic hypertrophy
47
Lactate dehydrogenase
Lymphoma, Ewing's sarcoma Hepatitis, hemolytic anemia
48
Carcinoembryonic antigen
Adenocarcinomas of the colon, pancreas, lung, breast, ovary
49
a Fetoprotein
Hepatocellular carcinoma, gonadal germ cell tumor Cirrhosis, hepatitis
50
Calcitonin
Medullary cancer of the thyroid
51
Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
Gestational trophoblastic disease, gonadal germ cell tumor Pregnancy

Hunts 1A (18 decks)

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