Onco Flashcards
When breast cancer is considered to be ER+?
When the stain is 10% positive
Sometimes there is difference between bx and final surgical path
Gestational age cut off until when staging LND can be performed during pregnancy?
22 ga
Laparoscopy in pregnancy is feasible with less fetal toxicity, shorter OR and hospital time: how to do it?
Preferably early 2/3
Left lateral tilt
No longer than 90-120 min of surgery
Low intra abdominal pressure of 10-13 mmHg
Timing of colorectal surgery after XRT?
8-10 weeks per Wallet
Anal anatomy: where is squamous-columnar junction?
The exact position of the SCJ changes with time
The anal transformation zone (ATZ) is the zone where all aspects of squamous metaplasia are currently found and/or have occurred. The ATZ is marked by the SCJ proximally and extends distally to approximately the level of the dentate line.
The portions of the anal canal proximal and distal to the dentate line have different origins of arterial supply, nerve innervation, and venous lymphatic drainage.
Definition of anal cancer and presence of keratinization on squamous cells from biopsy?UpToDate
Tumors that develop from any of the three types of mucosa, which cannot be visualized in their entirety while gentle traction is placed on the buttocks, are termed anal cancers
anus encompasses mucosa of three different histologic types: glandular, transitional, and nonkeratinizing squamous (proximal to distal, respectively)
Tumors arising within the anal canal above the dentate line are often nonkeratinizing SCCs, while those arising within the anal canal distal to the pectinate (dentate) line are often keratinizing.
Rare histologies variations for cancers in anorectal region and their tx?
Tx is based on histology rather than location
\/ Adenocarcinomas arising from glandular elements within the anal canal - a similar natural history and tx to rectal adenocarcinomas: resection plus either preoperative or postoperative chemoradiotherapy.
\/ ●Primary rectal SCCs, which are very rare, can be difficult to distinguish from anal cancers. They are generally treated according to the same approach as anal cancer.
What is anal margin cancer?
Tumors arising within the hair-bearing skin at or distal to the squamous mucocutaneous junction
AJCC 8th Edition WHO 5th Edition: tumors that arise within the skin at or distal to the squamous mucocutaneous junction that can be seen in their entirety with gentle traction placed on the buttocks and are within 5 cm of the anus as perianal skin cancers
