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FINAL EXAM 231 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

Cancer is the ____ leading cause of death in the US.

A

2nd

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2
Q

Cancer is the leading cause of death for?

A

ages 65 and older

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3
Q

Begnin tumors

  • Grow ____
  • Not harmful unless ____
  • Remain____
A
  • Grow slowly
  • Not harmful unless compressing other organs
  • Remain localized
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4
Q

Malignant tumors

  • Grow____
  • Can ____ surrounding tissue and spread to____
  • Can survive off ____
A
  • Grow rapidly
  • Infilitrate surrounding tissue and spread to ogans
  • Can survive off own blood supply
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5
Q

Type of solid tumor derived from epithelial tissue?

A

carcinoma

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6
Q

Type of solid tumor derived from connective tissue, bone, and/or muscle

A

sarcoma

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7
Q

Where do liquid tumors develop?

A

Blood - example, leukemia

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8
Q

3 structural changes in cancer cells?

A
  • Polymorphism
  • Hyperchromatism- nuclear chromatin more pronounced
  • Abnormal chromosome arrangements
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9
Q

Normal cells do what when coming into contact with with each other? What kind of cells cant do this?

A
  • Arrest cell growth/multplication

* cancer cells

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10
Q

In grade 4, cancers are _____, with the most _____ cells.

A
  • Undifferentiated

* Abnormal

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11
Q

Growth characteristics?

A
  • Length of time for tumor to become detectable
  • Growth fraction - fraction of proliferating cells in tumor
  • Tumor doubling time - time when cancer cells double
  • Hormone levels - certain cancers require hormones for growth
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12
Q

Tumor growth pattern in which there is an Increase in the number of cells in the tissue.

A

Hyperplasia (non/pre cancerous)

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13
Q

Tumor growth pattern in which there is replacement of 1 mature cell by another.

A

Metaplasia (non/pre cancerous)

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14
Q

Tumor growth pattern in which there is an Alteration of any epithelial cells, loss of uniformity of cells

A

Dysplasia (non/pre cancerous)

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15
Q

Cancerous tumor growth pattern shows malignancy, disorganization of cells.

A

Anaplasia

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16
Q

Three stage theory of Carcinogens?

A

1 - initiation - dna damaged by carcinogens, permanent change
2 - promotion - cell is altered, multiplication
3 - progression - loss of normal cell function and structure, no contact inhibition, rapidly divide, tumor forms own blood supply

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17
Q

Prefix before TNM indicates what?

A 
timing of staging.
C-clinical - before treatment
P-pathologic -after surgical exploration
R - Pretreatment after disease free interval 
A-autopsy
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18
Q

replacement of cell or new/continued cell growth that is not part of normal cell development

A

Cancer

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19
Q

anything that will change a cell

A

carcinogen

20
Q

process of cell change that promotes malignant growth

A

carcinogenisis

21
Q

the creation of new blood

vessels from existing ones to provide nutrients & remove waste

A

Angiogenesis - cancer cells can induce this

22
Q

signaling protein

that stimulates angiogenesis

A

VEGF

23
Q

Warning signs for cancer? CAUTION

A 
C - change in bowel or bladder habits
A - a sore that does not heal 
U - Unusual bleeding or disarge
T-Thickening or lump
I-indigestion or difficulty swallowing
O-obvious change in wart or mole
N - nagging cough or hoarsness
24
Q

Most common sites for distant mestasis?

A
  • Lung
  • Bone
  • Liver
  • CNS
25
Q

Stage 1 - T_, N_, M_
Mass is limited to ___
No ___ or ____ spread

A
  • T1,N0,M0
  • organ of origin
  • Nodal or vascular
26
Q

Stage 2- T__ N__ M___

____spread into surrounding tissue and/ or ____

A
  • Tx,N1,M0
  • Local
  • first-station lymph
27
Q

Stage 3 - T__, N__, M___
Operable but not___
____ invasion and ____

A
  • T3,N2,M0
  • Not resectable –some gets left behind
  • Bone and lymph nodes
28
Q

Stage 4 - T___, N___,M____
____,extensive primary tumor
Distant_____
*In______

A
  • T4,N3,M+
  • large
  • Distant mestastases
  • Inoperable
29
Q

Pain is

A

Whatever the client says it is. Subjective.

30
Q

Assessment of Nonverbal patients?

A 
FLACC- 0-2
Face
Legs
Activity 
Cry
Consolability
31
Q
  • Type of pain that has precipitating cause (surgery, trauma

- Can see physiological changes like increase in heart rate and BP

A

ACUTE PAIN

32
Q

Pain that persists for 3 months or longer
No changes in physiologic signs
Poor control can lead to anxiety and depression

A

CHRONIC PAIN

33
Q

Pain that can be drug induced

Disease related -diabetes, tumor compresion

A

Neuropathic Pain

34
Q

Treatment for neuropathic pain?

A
  • gabapentin
  • lyrica
  • Cymbalta
  • TCA
35
Q

Pain in Cutaneous and deep musculoskeletal tissues

example - bone mestasis

A

Somatic pain - a type of nociceptive pain

36
Q

Results from compression or stretching of thoracic or abdominal lining - liver cirrhosis

A

Visceral pain - a type of nocicpetive pain

37
Q

How long after po meds do you have to reassess for pain?

A

1 hour

38
Q

How long after IV/IM/Subq meds do you need to assess for pain?

A

30 minutes

39
Q

3 Iv pca drugs?

A

Morphine, Hydromorphone, Fentanyl

40
Q

Side effects of pain meds?

A
  • Oversedation/altered mental status
  • Respiratory depression
  • Constipation
  • N/V
  • Myoclonus - muscle jerks
  • pruritus - itchy skin
41
Q

Focuses on providing relief from the symptoms & stress of serious illness. What can this be provided with?

A

Palliative care, can be provided with curative treatment

42
Q
  • Eligible with a prognosis of _____

* Focus is on the last phase of life, aggressive symptom ___

A

Hospice care

  • 6 months or less
  • symptom management
43
Q
  • local treatment
  • remove all of the primary tumor
  • only treatment required
  • may be proceeded or followed by other modalities - palliative to decrease symptoms
A

Surgical treatment

44
Q
  • local treatment — a beam is directed at the precise target

- may follow surgery to prevent recurrence of the primary tumor

A

Radiation treatment

45
Q
  • systemic therapies
  • single agent or more commonly used in combination with other
    drugs
  • limited by toxic effects on normal tissues
A

Chemotherapy

46
Q
  • systemic treatments like chemotherapy & hormone therapy - modify the patient’s own immune defenses
  • may target a single receptor on the surface of tumor cells - may promote tumor regression
A

Biotherapy

FINAL EXAM 231 (6 decks)

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