Oncology

Question 1

what are the main neoplasms seen in horses?

Answer 1

sarcoid
squamous cell carcinoma
papilloma
melanoma
mast cell tumour

Question 2

what are the risk factors for neoplasia?

Answer 2

increased age
breed
sex
location/management

Question 3

what breeds are predisposed to melanoma?

Answer 3

grey horses (Lipizzaner)

Question 4

what breeds are predisposed to shires and clydesdales?

Answer 4

ocular squamous cell carcinoma

Question 5

what management practice can predispose to squamous cell carcinomas?

Answer 5

UV exposure (sun and altitude)

Question 6

what are paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 6

diseases/signs that arrive as a direct consequence of a tumour (but not the actual physical presence)

Question 7

what are the four main groups of paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 7

mucocutaneous and skin
neurological syndromes
haematological syndromes
endocrine and metabolic

Question 8

what are examples of mucocutaneous and skin paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 8

pemphigus and pruritis

Question 9

what are examples of mucocutaneous and skin paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 9

pemphigus and pruritus

Question 10

what are examples of haematological paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 10

anaemia, polycytaemia and granulocytosis

Question 11

what are examples of endocrine and metabolic paraneoplastic syndromes?

Answer 11

cachexia, hypercalcaemia, hypertrophic osteopathy

Question 12

what are the three possible ways of treating neoplasia?

Answer 12

cytotoxic
ablative
biological

Question 13

what are examples of ablative therapy for cancer treatment?

Answer 13

surgery
laser
cryotherapy
hyperthermia

Question 14

what are examples of cytotoxic therapy to treat neoplasia?

Answer 14

chemotherapy
radiotherapy
phototherapy
electrochemotherapy

Question 15

what are examples of biological treatments for neoplasms?

Answer 15

immunotherapy
vaccines
cytokine therapy
gene therapy

Question 16

what neoplasms of horses can effect all systems?

Answer 16

lymphoma
haemoangiosarcoma

Question 17

what is the origin of lymphomas?

Answer 17

lymphatic tissue

Question 18

what are the four main forms of lymphoma?

Answer 18

multi centric
alimentary
cutaneous
mediastinal/thoracic/thymic

Question 19

what age horses are effected by multicentric lymphomas?

Answer 19

4-12 years (mature young horses)

Question 20

what are the clinical signs of multicentric lymphoma?

Answer 20

weight loss, depression, ventral oedema, recurrent fever (very vague and depends on location)

Question 21

how are multicentric lymphomas diagnosed?

Answer 21

cytology/biopsy

Question 22

how are multicentic lymphomas treated?

Answer 22

surgical removal (solitary lesions) or chemotherapy

Question 23

what is the prognosis for horses with multicentric lymphoma?

Answer 23

depends on the stage of disease

Question 24

what age horses is alimentary lymphoma most commonly seen in?

Answer 24

> 12 years

Question 25

what are the clinical signs of alimentary lymphoma?

Answer 25

malabsorption, weight loss, colic

Question 26

how can alimentary lymphoma be diagnosed?

Answer 26

cytology of peritoneal fluid and biopsy

Question 27

what age horses are effected by mediastinal lymphoma?

Answer 27

all ages

Question 28

what are the clinical signs of a horse with mediastinal lymphoma?

Answer 28

weight loss, depression, ventral/limb oedema, pleural effusion

Question 29

what is the prognosis for mediastinal lymphoma?

Answer 29

hopeless

Question 30

what is done to treat mediastinal lymphoma?

Answer 30

palliative (drain fluid...)

Question 31

what is the prognosis of horses with cutaneous lymphoma?

Answer 31

less aggressive than other forms and can be static or regress

Question 32

what is the origin or haemangiosarcomas?

Answer 32

vascular endothelium

Question 33

what is the prognosis of haemangiosarcoma?

Answer 33

very poor

Question 34

how can haemangiosarcomas be diagnosed?

Answer 34

cytology and biopsy (very difficult)

Question 35

what tumours affect the oral cavity of horses?

Answer 35

ameloblastoma ossifying fibroma squamous cell carcinoma melanoma

Question 36

what is the origin of ameloblastomas?

Answer 36

odontogenic epithelium

Question 37

what age horses are effected by ossifying fibromas of the oral cavity?

Answer 37

younger horses

Question 38

what neoplasias are seen in the GI tract of horses?

Answer 38

gastric SSC intestinal lymphoma intestinal adenocarcinoma lipoma

Question 39

what neoplasm is found in the liver?

Answer 39

hepatic adenocarcinoma

Question 40

what neoplasms are found in the upper airways of horse?

Answer 40

SCC atheroma, epidermal inclusion cyct nasal polyp guttural pouch melanoma

Question 41

what neoplasms are seen in the lower airway and thoracic cavity?

Answer 41

pulmonary granular cell tumour haemangiosarcoma lymphoma

Question 42

what neoplasms can be seen in the globe of the eye?

Answer 42

melanoma ameloblastoma atrocytoma proliferative optic neuropathy