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Medical Conditions 2 > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer

A
  • uncontrolled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells (malignant, neoplasms, tumor, carinoma)
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2
Q

Dysplasia

A
  • bad formation
  • dysfunctional cells grow
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3
Q

Metaplasia

A
  • cells grow in the wrong place and grow out of control
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4
Q

Hyperplasia

A
  • increase in number of cells
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5
Q

Tumor:
1. adenoma
2. adenocarcinoma
3. sarcome

A
  1. non-cancerous
  2. cancer develops in glandular epithelial cells
  3. cancer develops in mesenchymal cells (muscle/bone etc)
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6
Q

Incidence of cancers

A
  • most common diagnosis = breast cancer/prostate cancer
  • most commonly causing death = lung cancer
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7
Q

Risk factors for cancer

A
  • age
  • previous cancer
  • lifestyle
  • viral exposure (Epstein-bar, H-pylori, herpes)
  • unsafe sex
  • urban air pollution
  • smok
  • tabaco
  • alcohol
  • obesity
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8
Q

Patters of pain referral

A
  • Somatic
  • visceral
  • neuropathic
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9
Q

Somatic pain referrals
- C7-T5
- Shoulder
- L1-L2
- Hip joint
- pharynx
- TMJ:

A

lesion site to referral site

  • C7-T5 = inter scapular area/posterior shoulder
  • Shoulder = neck/upper back
  • L1-L2 = SI joint/hip
  • Hip joint = SI and knee
  • pharynx = Ips. ear
  • TMJ: head, neck and heart
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10
Q

Visceral pain referrals:
- diagphragmatic
- heart
- urotherial tract
- pancreas/liver/spleen
- peritoneal/abdominal cavity

A
  • diaphragmatic irritation = shoulder/lumbar spin
  • heart: above diaphragm
  • urotherial tract = back, inguinal region, anterior thigh and genitalia
  • pancreas, liver, spleen, gallbladder = shoulder, mid thoracic, low back
  • peritoneal or abdominal cavity = hip pain from abscess of poses or obturator muscles
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11
Q

Neuropathic pain referral

A
  • Nerve or plexus = anywhere in distribution of peripheral nerve
  • nerver root = dermatome
  • CNS: anywhere in region of body innervated b damaged structure
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12
Q

Childhood cancers

A
  • Most common malignancies = ALL, non-hodgkin lymphoma, and primary CNS tumors
  • neuroblastoma is the most common extra cranial solid tumor in children(mass of cells established in one area)
  • rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common soft tissue sarcoma and the seventh leading cause of cancer in children
  • incidence peaks between 2-5 years and 15-19 years
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13
Q

Prognosis for cancers

A
  • varies
  • about 65% of all people have 5 year survival rate
  • a significantly lower survival rate in African American mean
  • modified Barthel index can provide important predictions about the length of time until death
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14
Q

Neoplasm ways to classifications and stage

A
  • original cell type
  • staging system
  • the tumor, node, metatases system (TNM)
  • variety of systems
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15
Q

staging system for classifying and staging neoplasms

A
  • specific for each type of cancer
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16
Q

The tumor, node, metastases TNM system

A
  • used most often for solid tumors
  • adapted for other types of tumors
  • tumor size: 0-4
  • node - regional lymph node involvement: 0-4
  • metastases - 0 (no) or 1(yes)
17
Q
  • Variety of systems

in reguards to grading of cancers

A
  • grading 1-4 is another way
  • classifies the degree of malignancy and differentiation of malignant cells
  • ann arbor staging for lymphomas - Hodgkins and non-hidgkin
18
Q

Original cell type classification of cancer cells

A
  • look at table 9.1
19
Q

Staging and grading system (describe)

A
  • stage 0 = carcinoma in situ (there/not invading)
  • stage 1: early stage, cancer is usually localized to primary organ
  • stage 2: increase risk of regional spread because of tumor size or grade
  • stage 3: local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions
  • stage 4: cancer has spread and disseminated to distant sites
20
Q

Metastases

A
  • spread from primary site
  • most common sites: lymph nodes, liver, lung, bone, and brain
  • seed = cancer cell
  • soil = host environment
  • can aim treatment at either the seed or soil
21
Q

Pulmonary mets
- first symptoms

A
  • most common of all metastatic tumors
  • a dry, persistent cough is often the first symptom
  • pleural invasion: pain or SOB
22
Q

Hepatic system mets
- common with
- symptoms

A
  • primary metastatic site for tumors of the stomach, colorectal and pancreas
  • symptoms: abdominal or right UQ pain, general malaise and fatigue anorexia, early satiety and weight loss and sometime low grade fever
  • skewed blood work
23
Q

Skeletal system and cancers

A
  • bone metastases: osteolytic/osteoblastic (affect breakdown or laying down)
  • the axial Skelton is most commonly involved
  • pain: deep, worsened by activity, esp. WBing
  • pathological fxs: without MOI
  • hypercalcemia
24
Q

Brain CNS mets/tumors

A
  • life threatening and emotionally debilitating
  • increase intracranial pressure, obstruct the normal flow of cerebrospinal fluid
  • change mentation and contribute to cognitive impairments
  • reduce sensory and motor function
  • most common met = lung cancer
25
Q

Spinal cord tumors

A
  • earliest neurological symptoms include: gradual onset of distal weakness and sensory changes, including numbness, paresthesias, and coldness
  • progressive central or radicular back pain often aggravated by recumbency, weight bearing, sneezing, coughing or valsalva maneuver
  • sitting often provides relief
26
Q

primary prevention of cancer

A
  • preventing disease from starting
  • nutrigenomics
  • chemoprevention
  • cancer vaccines
27
Q

Secondary prevention of cancer

A
  • screenings and check ups
  • early detection and prompt treatment
  • tends to better outcome sir caught early
28
Q

tertiary prevention for cancer

A
  • prevent it from worsening
  • managing symptoms
  • limiting complications
  • preventing disability
29
Q

Diagnosis of cancer

A
  • lab values: tumor markers
  • imaging: radiography, CT, MRI, endoscopy, isotope scan, mammography
  • biopsy
30
Q

Primary neoplastic treatment modalities

A
  • local methods: remove it/surgery or radiation therapy
  • chemotherapy: primary = main treatment; neoadjuvant = before local methods; adjuvant = after local methods
  • immunotherapy
31
Q

PT role with cancer

A
  • physical examination
  • determine patients goals
  • exercise program: can help regulate production of certain hormones that when unregulated can lead to tumor growth
  • energy conservation
  • emergencies
  • palliative care
32
Q

Exercise considerations with cancer patients

A
  • fever
  • extreme or unusual tiredness/fatigue
  • unusual weakness
  • irregular heart beat, palpations or chest pain
  • sudden onset of dyspnea
  • leg pain or cramps
  • unusual joint pain
  • recent or new-onset back, neck o bone pain
  • unusual bruising, or bleeding
  • sudden onset of nausea during exercise
  • rapid weight gain or loss
  • diarrhea or vomiting
  • disorientation, confusion, dizziness, light-headedness
  • lured vision or visual disturbances
  • sin pallor or unusual skin rash
33
Q

oncologic emergencies

A
  • superior vena cava syndrome
  • tumor lysis syndrome
  • cardiovascular effects
  • emergent spinal cord compression
  • severe thrombocytopenia
34
Q

Superior vena cave syndrome

A
  • associated with small cell lung cancer and lymphoma
  • caused by mediastinal metastasis and central lung lesions
  • pressure on SVC causing jugular dissension and edema in head and neck
35
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome

A
  • occurs often in myeloproliferative disorders
  • chemo causes destruction of massive number of cells quickly
  • acute renal failure

Medical Conditions 2 (22 decks)

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