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522 (dog & cat class) > Oncology > Flashcards

Oncology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 keys to successful mgmt of dogs and cats with cancer?

A
  1. clearly define tx goals
  2. biologic behaviour dictates optimal therapy
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2
Q

what are the two main tx goals of cancer mgmt? briefly describe them

A
  1. curative intent therapy: extend good quality life as long as possible, need thorough clinical eval (lots of tests)
  2. palliative therapy: maintain good quality of life (not extend it), testing not necessarily needed
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3
Q

what 5 essential pieces of information does clinical evaluation of neoplasia give you?

A
  1. definitive histopath diagnosis with tumour grade
  2. clinical stage of disease
  3. presence/absence of paraneoplastic syndromes
  4. clinical significant concurrent medical conditions
  5. detailed pt baseline
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4
Q

what is the only way to address all known and unknown sites of disease for a systemic cancer disease?

A

systemic chemotherapy

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5
Q

you want _____ therapy for local disease and ____ therapy for systemic disease.

A

local, systemic

duh

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6
Q

are there breed dispositions for canine lymphoma?

A

boxers, goldens, bull mastifffs

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7
Q

canine lymphoma has a relatively _____ presentation. tell me more about this.

A

homogenous

  • disease of middle-aged dogs (6-9yo)
  • multi centric involvement most times
  • Lymphadenopathy most common presenting complaint
  • frequently no systemic signs of illness
  • other organs may be involved
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8
Q

true or false: you need a detailed diagnostic evaluation for canine lymphoma

A

true

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9
Q

explain the stages of canine lymphoma.

A

Stage 1: single node involvement
Stage 2: multiple node involvement at one side of diaphragm
stage 3: generalized LN involvement
Stage 4: stages I-III with liver and/or splenic involvement
stage 5: stages 1-IV with BM involvement; atypical dz

substage a: no signs of systemic illness
substage b: signs of systemic illness

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10
Q

what is the most practical and effective treatment for canine lymphoma? what type of protocol is preferred and why?

A

chemotherapy

combination protocol - maximize efficacy, minimize toxicity

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11
Q

what is the median survival time for canine lymphoma?

A

6-14 mo

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12
Q

what are the potential toxicities assoc with chemotherapy?

A
  • GI (most common) - anorexia, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, colitis
  • alopecia + whisker loss
  • perivascular necrosis
  • sterile hemorrhagic cystitis
  • life threatening toxicity (not common) [myelosuppression and infection or sepsis; doxorubicin-induced cardiotox]
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13
Q

what is the standard of care for canine lymphoma? like what medication

A

doxorubicin

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14
Q

list some factors affecting prognosis of canine lymphoma

A
  • clinical stage of disease (worse with 4-5)
  • clinical substage of disease (worse for b)
  • prior tx with corticosteroids
  • immunophenotype (B vs T cell)
  • chemotherapy protocol chosen
  • response to therapy
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15
Q

true or false: canine lymphoma is more common than feline lymphoma

A

false! incidence of lymphoreticular neoplasia in the cat is the highest of ANY species

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16
Q

feline lymphoma can be caused by what disease?

A

FeLV

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17
Q

true or false: with feline lymphoma, presentation and C/S vary widely

A

true

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18
Q

true or false: with feline lymphoma, peripheral lymphadenopathy is common

A

false. it is uncommon

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19
Q

what are the most common presenting complaints for feline lymphoma for…
1) nonspecific
2) specific

A

1) anorexia, lethargy, weight loss, dehydration, pallor
2) dyspnea, v+, d+, PU/PD, abdominal masses, decreased compression of cranial thorax

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20
Q

presenting complaints for feline lymphoma are mainly _____.

A

nonspecific

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21
Q

true or false: detailed diagnostic evaluation is essential for feline lymphoma

A

true

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22
Q

describe the stages of feline lymphoma

A

stage 1: single tumor (extra nodal) or single anatomic area (nodal)

stage 2: single tumor (extra nodal) with regional LNs; 2 tumours (extra nodal) or nodal area on 1 side of diaphragm; resectable GI tumour with or wo regional LNs

stage 3: 2 tumours (extra nodal) or nodal areas on opposite sides of diaphragm; all paraspinal or spiral tumour; all primary nonresectable intra-abdominal tumours

stage 4: stages 1-3 with liver and/or splenic involvement

stage 5: stages 1-4 with initial involvement of CNS, BM, or both

substage a: no signs of systemic illness
substage b: signs of systemic illness

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23
Q

what is the most practical and effective treatment for feline lymphoma? what is the recommended protocol and why?

A

chemotherapy

combo protocol - maximize efficacy, minimize toxicity

doxorubicin containing products

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24
Q

what is the median survival time for feline lymphoma?

A

7mo

25
Q

for anatomically confined forms of feline lymphoma, what treatment should you do?

A

chemotherapy + adjuvant local therapy (surgery, radiation)

26
Q

what are the factors affecting prognosis of feline lymphoma?

A
  • FeLV status
  • clinical stage of disease
  • clinical substage of disease
  • response to therapy
27
Q

true or false: these factors affect the prognosis of feline lymphoma: age, sex, breed, FIV status, pretreatment with prednisone

A

false! they do not affect prognosis!

28
Q

what is the most common canine skin tumor?

A

mast cell tumor

29
Q

what breeds are predisposed to canine mast cell tumors?

A

boxer, Boston terrier, Goldens, labs, schnauzer

30
Q

canine mast cell tumors: a disease of ____ dogs.

A

older
avg age 9yo

31
Q

true or false: primary visceral involvement of canine mast cell tumors is rare

A

true

32
Q

what is the common clinical presentation of canine mast cell tumors? what happens if the tumor is malignant?

A

single skin mass most common, sometimes multiple skin masses

rapid growth if malignant (ulceration, swelling, ecchymoses –> going to local LN, viscera, marrow)

33
Q

true or false: systemic illness is uncommon with canine mast cell tumours but it may occur

A

true

34
Q

with canine mast cell tumors, what predicts prognosis?

A

histopath grade

35
Q

describe the Patnaik grading system for canine mast cell tumors

A

grade 1: benign
grade 2 (most): intermediate malignancy (aggressive local invasion, low-mod rate of mets)
grade 3: highly malignant (aggressive local invasion and distant mets)

36
Q

with canine mast cell tumors, most dogs have ____ disease.

A

local

37
Q

what is the primary therapy for canine mast cell tumors?

A

surgery

38
Q

with a dog with MCT patnaik grade 2, what therapy should you do?

A

surgery and radiotherapy

50% of dogs with “resected” Patnaik grade 2 MCT have regrowth within 1 year - help with radiotherapy

39
Q

true or false: chemotherapy is a reasonable primary therapy for canine mast cell tumors

A

false

40
Q

what are the two forms of feline mast cell tumors?

A

cutaneous (mastocytic vs histiocytic) and visceral (splenic vs intestinal)

41
Q

true or false: feline MCT has a breed and sex predilection.

A

false… although, histiocytic cutaneous MCT appears more commonly in Siamese cats

42
Q

what is the most common cutaneous form of feline MCT?

A

cutaneous: mastocytic

43
Q

tell me the typical presentation of mastocytic cutaneous feline MCT?

A
  • older cats (~10yo)
  • raised, white to pink, hairless dermal nodules, often on head & neck
  • usually benign behaviour
44
Q

tell me the typical presentation of histiocytic cutaneous feline MCT?

A
  • young cats (~2.5yo)
  • firm, pink, hairless subq masses often on head & neck
  • benign
45
Q

what do mastocytic and histiocytic feline MCT look like on cytology/histo?

A

M: typical mast cells

H: histiocyte-like cells with equivocal granules

46
Q

what is the typical presentation of visceral feline MCT?

A
  • older cats (>10yo)
  • more malignant than cutaneous
  • pleural/peritoneal effusion w/ mast cells and eosinophils
  • cats often systemically ill (weeks-months) (anorexia, weight loss, v+, d+)
  • splenomegaly, abd mass, abd effusion, lymphadenopathy, pallor
47
Q

what is the treatment and prognosis for cutaneous feline MCT?

A

surgery, excellent

submit all specimens for histopath

48
Q

what is the treatment and prognosis for visceral feline MCT?

A

splenectomy, less than cutaneous

49
Q

what is the bone common bone tumor of dogs?

A

osteosarcoma

50
Q

who does canine osteosarcoma affect?

A

middle aged-older dogs

large/giant breeds

51
Q

true or false: canine osteosarcomas are not highly malignant

A

false. they are highly malignant

52
Q

what is the typical clinical presentation of canine osteosarcomas

A
  • lameness + swelling at primary site
  • poor response to analgesics
  • mild trauma often precedes lameness
  • pathologic fx possible
  • occurs most commonly at growth plates “away from elbow, towards the knee”, more common in forelimbs
  • consistent rapid mets to lungs
53
Q

tell me about therapy for canine osteosarcomas

A

initial therapy: surgical resection of primary tumor

then chemotherapy + radiotherapy

54
Q

true or false: bone cancer is common in cats

A

false. it is rare

55
Q

what is the most common form of bone cancer in cats?

A

osteosarcoma

keep in mind that bone cancer in cats is rare

56
Q

true or false: feline osteosarcomas have a high met rate

A

false. it has a low met rate

57
Q

who does feline osteosarcoma effect?

A

older cats

58
Q

what is the clinical presentation of feline osteosarcoma?

A
  • deformity + lameness
  • hindlegs more common
  • mets rare
59
Q

describe the treatment for feline osteosarcoma

A

aggressive resection recommended

adjuvant therapy not clearly indicated

excellent prognosis

522 (dog & cat class) (31 decks)

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