oncology

Question 1

is a growth of tissue that exceeds that of normal tissue
and is not coordinated with it.

Answer 1

tumor, or neoplasm,

Question 2

is a term that includes all malignant tumors.

Answer 2

Cancer

Question 3

is the study of cancer at the molecular level, using
techniques that allow the direct detection of genetic alterations, down to
single-base-pair changes.

Answer 3

Molecular Oncology

Question 4

Cancer is generally divided into two broad groups:

Answer 4

Solid tumors
Hematological malignancies

Question 5

tumor in

Carcinomas-
Sarcomas-
Teratocarcinomas
Benign tumors

Answer 5

Carcinomas- epithelial

Sarcomas-bone, cartilage, muscle, blood vessels, fat

Teratocarcinomas consist of multiple cell types.

Benign tumors are named by adding the suffi x - oma to the tissue of origin.

Question 6

Adenoma is a benign glandular growth.

Answer 6

Adenoma is a benign glandular growth.

Question 7

is the movement of dislodged tumor cells from the original
(primary) site to other locations. O

Answer 7

Metastasis

only malignant tumors are metastatic.

Question 8

Tumors arising from white blood cells are referred to as

Answer 8

leukemias and
lymphomas.

Question 8

is a neoplastic disease of blood-forming tissue in which large
numbers of white blood cells populate the bone marrow and peripheral blood.

Answer 8

Leukemia

Question 9

is a neoplasm of lymphocytes that forms discrete tissue masses.

Answer 9

Lymphoma

Question 10

Cancer is caused by

Answer 10

nonlethal
mutations in DNA.

Question 11

cancer affects mutation of

Answer 11

The mutations affect two types
of genes:
Oncogenes
Tumor-suppressor genes.

Question 12

regulate normal cell growth, division, and survival.

Answer 12

oncogenes

Question 13

can contribute to the development of cancer by promoting abnormal cell
growth and proliferation.

Answer 13

oncogenes.

Question 14

include factors that control transcription, or the translation
of genes required for cell division.

Answer 14

Tumor suppressors

Question 15

They also participate in repairing DNA damage and in promoting apoptosis.

Answer 15

TUMOR SUPPRESSORS

Question 16

Tumor suppressors slow down or stop cell division by counteracting the
movement of the cell from

Answer 16

G1 to S or G2 to M phase.

Question 17

Prevents the cell from entering the S phase if DNA is
damaged.

Answer 17

G1 checkpoint:

Question 18

Stops the cell from entering M phase if DNA is not correctly
replicated.

Answer 18

G2 checkpoint:

Question 19

overexpression of ____ is a predictor of a more aggressive growth and metastasis
of the tumor cells.

Answer 19

overexpression of HER2/neu is a predictor of a more aggressive growth and metastasis
of the tumor cells.

Question 20

is indicated presently for women with HER2/neu -positive
(HER2/neu-overexpressed) breast cancer.

Answer 20

Herceptin therapy

Question 21

using monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies to detect
the HER2/ neu protein.

Answer 21

Immunohistochemistry (IHC)

Question 22

directly detects increased copy numbers of
the HER2/neu gene in DNA likely responsible for the increased protein. Data are
reported as a ratio of the number of HER2 signals to chromosome 17 centromere
signals.

Answer 22

Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH)-

Question 23

belongs to a family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) that are essential
for regulating cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation.

Answer 23

Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor, EGFR (7p12)

Question 24

its binding triggers the release of intracellular signaling cascades, including

Answer 24

egfr

Question 25

mutations in the ____gene can lead to constitutive activation of ____signaling, promoting uncontrolled cell growth and survival characteristic of cancer cells.

Answer 25

EGFR (7p12) Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor,

Question 26

mutations are commonly found in NSCLC, particularly in adenocarcinoma histology and in patients who are non-smokers or light smokers.

Answer 26

EGFR

Question 27

The most common mutations are

Answer 27

small, in-frame deletions in exon 19 and a point mutation in exon 21 (L858R).

Question 28

exon to

Answer 28

Exon 18: G719X (G719A, G719C, and G719S)- Point Mutations Exon 19: deletions and complex mutations Exon 20: S768I, T790M, Insertions Exon 21: L858R and L861Q - Point Mutations

Question 29

These mutations lead to increased EGFR activity and are associated with sensitivity to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs).

Answer 29

EGFR Mutations in Lung Cancer:

Question 30

Deletion of specific nucleotides in exon 19 of the EGFR gene.

Answer 30

EGFR deletions

Question 31

Occurs in exon 21 of the EGFR gene, resulting in the substitution of a leucine (L) with an arginine (R) at position 858

Answer 31

L858R Point mutation

Question 32

Substitution of a threonine (T) with a methionine (M) at position 790 in exon 20 of the EGFR gene.

Answer 32

T790M mutation

Question 33

This is associated with acquired resistance to first-generation EGFR TKIs

Answer 33

T790M mutation

Question 34

Involve the insertion of additional nucleotides into exon 20 of the EGFR gene.

Answer 34

Exon 20 insertions

Question 35

inhibit the tyrosine kinase activity of EGFR.

Answer 35

EGFR TKIs, such as gefitinib, erlotinib, and afatinib,

Question 36

competitively bind to the ATP-binding site of the EGFR kinase domain, preventing phosphorylation and downstream signaling.

Answer 36

EGFR TKIs:

Question 37

also called massive parallel sequencing

Answer 37

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Question 38

designed to sequence large numbers of templates carrying millions of bases simultaneously, in a run that takes a few hours.

Answer 38

Next Generation Sequencing (NGS)

Question 39

are both members of the RAS gene family, which encode proteins involved in cell signaling pathways that regulate cell growth and proliferation.

Answer 39

Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog, K-ras (12p12); Neuroblastoma ras, N-ras (1p13) KRAS and NRAS

Question 40

Mutations in these genes are commonly found in various cancers, including lung cancer, colorectal cancer, and pancreatic cancer.

Answer 40

KRAS and NRAS

Question 41

Mutations in ___ lead to constitutive activation of downstream signaling pathways, such as the MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) pathway, which promotes cell proliferation, survival, and tumor progression.

Answer 41

Mutations in KRAS lead to constitutive activation of downstream signaling pathways, such as the MAPK (Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase) pathway, which promotes cell proliferation, survival, and tumor progression.

Question 42

They are more prevalent in lung adenocarcinomas, particularly in patients with a history of smoking.

Answer 42

KRAS (Kirsten Rat Sarcoma viral oncogene homolog)

Question 43

It is also involved in regulating cell growth and proliferation by activating downstream signaling pathways.

Answer 43

NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)

Question 44

significant in significant, particularly in melanoma - associated with more aggressive disease and resistance to targeted therapies.

Answer 44

NRAS (Neuroblastoma RAS viral oncogene homolog)

Question 45

is a proto-oncogene that encodes a protein kinase involved in the RAS- RAF-MEK-ERK signaling pathway, also known as the MAPK pathway.

Answer 45

BRAF (v-Raf Murine Sarcoma Viral Oncogene Homolog B)

Question 46

. This pathway regulates cell proliferation, survival, and differentiation.

Answer 46

MAPK pathway

Question 47

Mutations in the _______gene can lead to constitutive activation of the B______resulting in dysregulated cell growth and proliferation characteristic of cancer cells.

Answer 47

Mutations in the BRAF gene can lead to constitutive activation of the BRAF protein kinase, resulting in dysregulated cell growth and proliferation characteristic of cancer cells.

Question 48

a valine residue is substituted with glutamic acid at position 600 of the BRAF protein.

Answer 48

V600E mutation,

Question 49

This mutation leads to hyperactivation of the BRAF protein kinase, resulting in sustained activation of the MAPK pathway and promotion of tumor growth.,

Answer 49

braf mutation

Question 50

This test is an in vitro diagnostic test for the quantitation of BCR-ABL1 and ABL1 mRNA transcripts in peripheral blood specimens of diagnosed t(9;22) positive Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML).

Answer 50

BCR-ABL PCR TEST

Question 51

In colorectal cancer, ______ is associated with a distinct subtype of tumors characterized by poor prognosis and resistance to conventional chemotherapy.

Answer 51

In colorectal cancer, BRAF V600E mutation is associated with a distinct subtype of tumors characterized by poor prognosis and resistance to conventional chemotherapy.

Question 52

Targeted therapies, such as _________ have been developed specifically for patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma and have shown significant clinical benefits, including improved survival and tumor regression.

Answer 52

Targeted therapies, such as BRAF inhibitors (e.g., vemurafenib, dabrafenib) and MEK inhibitors (e.g., trametinib), have been developed specifically for patients with BRAF-mutant melanoma and have shown significant clinical benefits, including improved survival and tumor regression.

Question 53

BRCA genes help repair DNA damage via

Answer 53

homologous recombination.

Question 54

is a condition characterized by the accumulation of genetic errors within microsatellites.

Answer 54

Microsatellite instability (MSI)

Question 55

arises from defects in the DNA mismatch repair (MMR) system

Answer 55

MSI

Question 56

When the MMR system is impaired, errors in DNA replication are not properly repaired, leading to the accumulation of mutations and microsatellite instability.

Answer 56

MICROSATTELITE INSTABILITY (MSI)

Question 57

often associated with specific clinicopathological features, including right-sided tumor location, mucinous histology, and a higher frequency in older patients.

Answer 57

often associated with specific clinicopathological features, including right-sided tumor location, mucinous histology, and a higher frequency in older patients.

Question 58

MSI-H tumors

Answer 58

exhibit a high level of microsatellite instability

Question 59

have stable microsatellites.

Answer 59

MSS tumors

Question 60

MICROSATTELITE INSTABILITY (MSI) LAB DETECTION

Answer 60

PCR IDYLLA biocartis

Question 61

gene encodes a protein involved in signaling pathways that regulate blood cell production and differentiation.

Answer 61

the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene.

Question 62

The JAK2 mutation assay is particularly important in the diagnosis and classification of .

Answer 62

MPN