Oncology

Question 0

What race is most likely to die from cancer

Answer 0

African Americans

Question 1

Among cancers what type is the leading cause of death

Answer 1

lung cancer

Question 2

What is the chance of men getting cancer

Answer 2

1 in every 2 men

Question 3

What is the chance of men getting prostate cancer

Answer 3

1 in every 6 men

Question 4

What is the probability of a woman to develop cancer

Answer 4

1 in every 3 woman

Question 5

what is the chance of a woman to develop breast cancer

Answer 5

1 in every 8 women

Question 6

What is cancer

Answer 6

cellular DNA becomes damaged. Normal mutations occur daily but cancer is not corrected

Question 7

Cells mutated by DNA may…

Answer 7

be unresponsive to signals of apoptosis
be insensitive to normal cellular suppressor genes
make their own signals that perpetuate growth

Question 8

What are carcinoma cells

Answer 8

they occur in the lining of epithelium of passages/organs (adenocarcinoma occurs in gland cells or cells that secrete substances)

Question 9

What are sarcoma cells

Answer 9

bone, carilage, fat, muscle, or other connective tissue

Question 10

What are lymphoma and multiple myeloma cells

Answer 10

immune system cancers (MM= cancer of the plasma cell)

Question 11

What are leukemia cells

Answer 11

cancer of the blood forming cells in the bone marrow

Question 12

What three ways can cancer spread

Answer 12

direct extension into surrounding tissue
Lymphatic spread
hematologic spread

Question 13

What are the treatments for cancer

Answer 13

surgery, radiation therapy (XRT), Chemotherapy, Hormonal Treatments, biological therapy

Question 14

What are the goals of surgery in cancer patients

Answer 14

debulk tumor, diagnose tumor, remove pre-cancerous lesions, correct life threatening conditions caused by tumor, palliation
Clean margin: have an area of healthy tissue surrounding tumor to “ensure” that all of tumor is removed

Question 15

What is radiation therapy

Answer 15

beam of photons hits the tumor cells and excites them which can damage bonds in the tumor
rapidly proliferating cells respond quickly to radiation (Skin, GI tract, Bone marrow, tumors)
slowly proliferating cells will show effects week to years after (heart lungs, kidneys, musculoskeletal tissue

Question 16

Is radiation therapy selective

Answer 16

No

Question 17

What does the impact of radiation depend on

Answer 17

dose, radiation field

Question 18

What are the three main types of radiation

Answer 18

external beam
internal or brachytherapy
systemic

Question 19

Is chemotherapy selective

Answer 19

no

Question 20

what is adjuvant chemotherapy

Answer 20

therapy that follows surgery

Question 21

what is neoadjuvant chemotherapy

Answer 21

therapy given before surgery

Question 22

Which type of cancer treatment is given in cycles with multiple drugs in each regimen

Answer 22

chemotherapy

Question 23

What is the point of giving cycles with multiple drugs in each regimen

Answer 23

approach reduces side-effect profile or each drug/reduces dose needed
each drug targets cells in different parts of their cell cycle

Question 24

What are the side effects of chemotherapy

Answer 24

rapidly dividing cells are damaged, peripheral neuropathy

Question 25

What are the long term impacts of chemotherapy

Answer 25

``` early onset of cardiac issues pulmonary fibrosis learning disabilites hearing loss neuropathy (pain, balance) secondary cancers ```

Question 26

When are hormonal treatments for cancer used

Answer 26

if the tumor grows in response to certain hormones, drugs to block hormonal receptors on target organ can be used. Drugs to reduce circulating hormones can also be used (comes with more side effects)

Question 27

How does biological therapy for cancer work

Answer 27

utilizes the patients own immune system to help fight cancer

Question 28

What two types of biological therapy exist

Answer 28

vaccines, monoclonal antibodies

Question 29

What are monoclonal antibodies

Answer 29

immunoglobulin sequences that recognize a specific antigen or protein on the surface of cells, some target receptors ad some target the growth factor

Question 30

What are the risk factors for cancer

Answer 30

inactivity, age, obesity, hormones, viruses, tobacco, alcohol, poor diet, family history

Question 31

Will cancer patients typically respond to PT

Answer 31

no, condition will not improve and they will not "fit" typical presentation of original diagnoses

Question 32

Do children typically respond well to cancer

Answer 32

yes

Question 33

what cancer are children most likely to get

Answer 33

leukemia

Question 34

What is the chance of developing a malignant brain tumor

Answer 34

<1%

Question 35

Are primary or secondary brain tumors more common

Answer 35

Secondary

Question 36

What are the risk factors for CNS neoplasms

Answer 36

genetics, rare genetic disorders, neuromuscular disorders, environment (pesticides), radiation, cell phones (non-conclusive)

Question 37

What problems can a CNS neoplasm cause

Answer 37

direct compression, block CSF causing pressure build up (vasogenic edema), destruction of bone --> nerve compression

Question 38

What determines the symptoms of a brain tumor

Answer 38

location of tumor

Question 39

What are some common symptoms of brain tumors

Answer 39

seizure, gradual loss of movement or sensation, unsteadiness, loss of vision, hearing loss, speech difficulty, morning nausea, confusion

Question 40

What is a supratentorial lesion

Answer 40

a lesion located between the hemispheres, above brainstem and cerebellum

Question 41

What can supretentorial lesions cause

Answer 41

focal deficits, seizures, headache, mental status changes, mimics TIA

Question 42

What are the symptoms of brainstem and cerebellum lesions

Answer 42

vomiting (early in morning), ataxia, facial droop, dysphagia, dysarthria, weakness, visual changes

Question 43

What do lesions to the frontal lobe cause

Answer 43

personality changes, hemiplegia, seizures, anosmia (smell), visual changes (blurriness)

Question 44

What do spinal cord tumors cause

Answer 44

pain in a band with valsalva, pain that worsens in supine, dependent of level affected (bowels/bladder, weakness/atrophy, sensory changes)

Question 45

What are types of brain and spinal cord tumors

Answer 45

gliomas, astrocytomas, oligodendroglioma, meingiomas, meduloblastomas, schwanomas

Question 46

What are gliomas

Answer 46

a group of tumors that start in glial cells

Question 47

What are types of gliomas

Answer 47

glioblastoma multiforme astrocytoma olgiodendroglioma ependymoma

Question 48

When are the peak incidence of gliomas

Answer 48

2-10 and 45-55

Question 49

What is the most common brain tumor in adults

Answer 49

Meningiomas

Question 50

Which sex normally gets meningiomas

Answer 50

women

Question 51

Are neurinomas benign or malignant and where are they normally located

Answer 51

benign, CN8

Question 52

What are neurinomas, and who gets them

Answer 52

Tumors of the schwann cells, 40-50 year old

Question 53

Where are medulloblastomas located

Answer 53

vermis of cerebellum

Question 54

Are medulloblastomas benign or malignant

Answer 54

malignant

Question 55

What is the most common malignant tumor in children

Answer 55

medulloblastomas

Question 56

How are brain tumors diagnosed

Answer 56

``` MRI (best tool) fMRI (functional MRI) CT scan Cerebral angiography Chest x-ray, body scan CT guided sterotactic needle biopsy ```

Question 57

What are treatment options for brain tumors

Answer 57

surgical resection, craniotomy, chemotherapy, radiation,

Question 58

What complications can come with surgery of the brain

Answer 58

edema, ICP infection hemorrhage hydrocephalus

Question 59

What are the risk factors for musculoskeletal tumors

Answer 59

radiation, toxins (pesticides), chemotherapy

Question 60

Signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal tumors

Answer 60

vague pain edema lump

Question 61

How are musculoskeletal tumors diagnoesed

Answer 61

radiograph, MRI, Bone scans, CT scan, biopsy, lab tests (erythrocyte sedimentation rate)

Question 62

Is there a uniform staging system for musculoskeletal tumors

Answer 62

no

Question 63

What is the treatment for musculoskeletal tumors

Answer 63

marginal excision, wide excision, limb salvage or limb-sparing, radiation, chemotherapy

Question 64

what is the name for a malignant bone tumor

Answer 64

osteosarcoma

Question 65

When is the peak incidence of osteosarcomas

Answer 65

15 y.o. (growth spurts)

Question 66

What do osteosarcoms develop from

Answer 66

osteoblast cells

Question 67

What are the risk factors for osteosarcomas

Answer 67

pagets disease, radiation, chromosomal abnormalities

Question 68

Signs and symptoms of osteosarcoms

Answer 68

pain, arthralgia, joint effusion, ROM deficit, warm temp, fracture

Question 69

Where can osteoscarcomas metastasize

Answer 69

lungs

Question 70

What are the treatments for osteosarcoma

Answer 70

chemotherapy & limb salvage

Question 71

Where do Ewings sarcomas generally form

Answer 71

pelvis, LE

Question 72

What are the signs and symptoms of ewing sarcomas

Answer 72

pain, edema, fracture, flu-like

Question 73

how are ewings sarcomas diagnosed

Answer 73

radiographs (lytic lesion)

Question 74

What is the treatment for ewings sarcomas

Answer 74

radiation, chemotherapy, limb salvage

Question 75

what is the prognosis for Ewings sarcoma

Answer 75

5 yr survival > 70%

Question 76

what is hematopoesis

Answer 76

formation of blood cells

Question 77

What type of cell generates all other cells

Answer 77

stem cells

Question 78

What are the possible causes of leukemia

Answer 78

genetic predisposition, environment

Question 79

What is acute leukemia

Answer 79

abnormal production of immature myelocyte or granulocyte

Question 80

Signs and symptoms of acute leukemia

Answer 80

recurrent infections, frequent fevers, tachycardia, general malaise, thrombocytopenia, bone pain, anemia

Question 81

Who normally gets acute leukemia

Answer 81

children < 15 peak 2-4 y.o.