Oncology Flashcards
(88 cards)
1
Q
1 way to get rid of cancer and why
A
stop smoking b/c lung cancer is #1
2
Q
what are the two leading causes of death in 2012 according to CDC?
A
1] heart disease
2] cancer
3
Q
how much activity should children and adolescents engage in?
A
1 hour of moderate or vigorous
atleast vigorous 3x a week
4
Q
how many cups of veggies and fruits should you eat per day?
A
2.5
5
Q
two leading causes of death in children
A
1] accidents
2] cancer
6
Q
the most commonly diagnosed cancers for children in 2011
A
1] leukemias
2] brain and central nervous system cancer
7
Q
define differentiation
A
physical and structural changes as they develop to form different tissues
8
Q
dysplasia
A
disorganized cells
9
Q
cells are changing morphology
A
metaplasia
10
Q
hyperplasia
A
increased # of cells
increased tissue mass
11
Q
tumor
A
abnormal new growth with no purpose and can harm host organism
12
Q
dysplastic, harmless, will not spread
A
benign
13
Q
spreading of the primary site of cancer
A
metastasis
14
Q
cells from the local area of the structure
A
primary tumor
15
Q
cells that have metastasized from another structure
A
secondary tumor
16
Q
increased activity occur with what type of gene?
A
dominant
17
Q
decreased activity occurs with what type of gene?
A
recessive tumor suppressor gene
18
Q
classification system bases (5)
A
cell type tissue of origin degree of differentiation anatomic site benign or malignant
19
Q
epithelial classification cell type
A
carcinomas, most common in adults
20
Q
connective and muscle
A
sarcomas
21
Q
nerve
A
names for tissue involve (astrocytoma)
22
Q
lymphoid
A
lymphomas
23
Q
hematopoietic
A
leukemias
24
Q
other cell types
A
reproductive glands, thyroid
25
- describes the extent of the disease at time of diagnosis to help determine treatment planning, prognosis, and compare results of treatment
- reflects the rate of growth, extent of neoplasm and prognosis
staging
26
measure of differentiation
aggressivenes of tumor
helps determine treatment plan and prognosis
grading
| low>medium>high
27
define TNM classification
```
t= tumor size= 0-4
n= regional lymph nodes= 0-4
m= metastasis= 0 if none, 1 if there is
```
28
carcinoma in situ
premalignant, preinvasive
stage?
zero
29
early stage, cancer is localized to primary organ
stage 1
30
increased risk of regional spread because of tumor size or grade
stage II
31
local cancer has spread regionally but may not be disseminated to distant regions
stage III
32
cancer has spread and disseminated to different sites
stage IV
33
```
age > 50 years old
unexplained weight loss
fever
fatigue
pain
family or previous history of CA
```
red flags in history
34
screening for cancer: C A U T I O N
```
Change in bowel or bladder habits
A sore or bruise that does not heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickening or lump
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in wart/mole
Nagging cough or hoarseness
```
35
4 ways to diagnose CA
tissue biopsy
CBC
cellular markers
MRI, CT scan
36
tumor marker for bowel, stomach, pancreas, lungs, breast
CEA
37
alpha-fetoprotein
testicular
38
beta-2 microglobin
lymphoma
39
PSA
prostate
40
3 ways to treat CA
surgery
chemotherapy, radiation (XRT)
hormonal therapy
41
ionizing radiation and particle radiation
destroy CA cells dividing in cellular DNA
limited destruction of surrounding tissue (Cyberknife)
irradiation (XRT)
42
chemical agents to destroy CA cells
can be a combination of therapy drugs
remission
chemotherapy
43
changes in oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes
non-small cell lung caner (85-90%)
44
dense cells in an ovoid shape that usually arise from bronchial submucosa
small cell lung cancer (10-15%)
45
mutation of the KRAS gene leads to
rapid cell proliferation
46
two genetic lesions for NSCLC
1] mutation of epidermal growth factor --> overexpression
| 2] mutation of KRAS gene --> rapid cell proliferation
47
TNM for lung cancer
```
T= size
N= nodules in same or contralateral lobes
M= local vs. extrathoracic
```
48
stage 1 lung cancer
confined to lung, no metastases
49
stage II lung cancer
tumors with hilar or peribronchial node involvement
50
locally advanced, mediastinal or cervical lymph node metastases and with extension to chest wall
stage III lung cancer
51
tumor with distant metastases, malignant pleural or pericardial effusions
stage IV lung cancer
52
what is the most common invasive type of breast cancer?
| %?
invasive ductal carcinoma
| 70%
53
for surgery treatment of breast cancer, what assists in staging?
SLNB: sentinel lymph node biopsy
54
what are hormonal therapies used for with breast cancer?
ER+ (estrogen receptive)
55
block effect of estrogen in breast tissue
SERMs
56
block tissues from producing estrogen
Als
| aromotase inhibitors
57
2 monoclonal antibodies for breast cancer
herceptin
| avastin
58
where do the primary tumors of NS neoplasms occur?
brain
| spinal cord
59
CNS neoplasms- frontal lobe tumor symptoms
issues with vision
seizures
changes in personality
60
CNS neoplasms- cerebellum symptoms
short term memory loss
| poor coordination
61
CNS neoplasms- temporal lobe symptom
difficulty speaking or comprehending
62
between the hemispheres
| above brainstem and cerebellum
supratentorial
63
CNS neoplasm- symptom in supratentorial
focal deficits
also: seizures, headache, mental status changes, mimics TIA
64
CNS neoplasm symptom in brainstem and cerebellum
ataxia- wide BOS
also: vomiting, facial droop, dysphagia, dysarthria, weakness, visual changes
65
these symptoms occur for what and where?
| personality changes, decreased inhibition, hemiplegia, seizures, anosmia (smell), visual changes
CNS neoplasm- frontal lobe
66
these symptoms occur where and for what?
pain in a band with valsalva
pain worse in supine
depends on level affected
CNS neoplasm- spinal cord tumors
67
3 subdivisions of CNS neoplasms
gliomas
tumors from supporting structures
PNETs (primitive neuroectodermal tumors)
68
ex of gliomas
astrocytomas
| glioblastomas
69
ex of tumors form supporting structures
meningiomas
| pituitary adenomas
70
PNETs occur in who?
children
71
glial cells do what?
support, insulate and metabolically assist neurons
72
GBM
gliobastoma multiforme
73
most common and deadliest primary brain tumors in adults
GBM
74
what disease has a low survival rate and forms spiderweb throughout brain so its hard to cure?
GBM
75
arachnoid layer of meninges
meningioma
76
third most common primary brain tumor
pituitary adenoma
77
vestibular system- tinnitus, vertigo, balance issues
| acoustic _____?
neurinoma/neuroma
78
```
diagnosis for what?
MRI with contrast
CT scan
PET scam
fMRI
cerebral angiography
xrays
CT guided stereotactic technique
```
CNS neoplasms
79
MSK tumors metastasize to what?
lung
liver
bone
80
whats the ratio for MSK tumors? for men:women
3:1
81
risk factors for what tumor?
antineoplastic drugs
radiation
toxic chemicals in workplace
MSK tumors
82
```
symptoms for what tumor?
pain
fractures
swelling
fever
presence of a mass
```
MSK tumor
83
MSK malignant bone tumor is most common in what bone and where?
long bones
| distal femur, proximal tibia and fibula
84
osetosarcoma symptoms
pain and swelling
85
maligant nonosteogenic primary tumor in bone or soft tissue
ewing's sarcoma
86
main risk factors of Ewing's sarcoma
```
parental occupation (exposure to pesticides)
parental smoking
```
also: caucasian, chromosomal translocation b/w 11-22
87
Ewing's sarcoma diagnosis looks like what?
radiographs with moth-eaten appearance
88
50% of all soft tissue sarcomas in kids under 15 y/o
rhabdomyosarcoma
