oncology

Question 1

what are the hallmarks of cancer?

Answer 1

self-sufficiency of growth signals, insensitivity to growth-inhibitory signals, evasion of apoptosis
(programmed cell death), potential for limitless replication,
angiogenesis, and invasion and metastasis.

Question 2

Tumorigenesis is proposed to have three steps?

Answer 2

initiation, promotion, and progression.

Question 3

events such as gain of function of
genes known as oncogenes or loss of function of genes known as
tumor-suppressor genes may lead a single cell to acquire a distinct growth advantage

Answer 3

Initiation

Question 4

many normal-appearing cells may have an increased malignant potential. This is referred to as

Answer 4

field effect

Question 5

Cell-Cycle Dysregulation in Cancer

Answer 5

-The proliferative advantage of tumor cells is a result of their ability to bypass a quiescent state.
-alterations in signal transduction pathways
-Mutations or alterations
in the expression of cell-cycle proteins

Question 6

Normal cellular genes that contribute to cancer when abnormal
are called?

Answer 6

oncogenes

Question 7

The normal counterpart of an oncogene is

referred to as as

Answer 7

proto-oncogene

Question 8

Proto-oncogenes can be activated (show

increased activity) or overexpressed (expressed at increased protein levels) by?

Question 9

Oncogenes may be?

Answer 9

growth factors (e.g., platelet-derived 
growth factor), growth factor receptors (e.g., HER2), intracellular signal transduction molecules (e.g., ras), nuclear transcription factors (e.g., c-myc), or other molecules involved in 
the regulation of cell growth and proliferation.

Question 10

-also known as neu or c-erbB-2, is a member of
the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) family and is one
of the best-characterized tyrosine kinases. Unlike other receptor tyrosine kinases, it does not have a direct soluble
ligand. It plays a key role in signaling.
-Heterodimerization potentiates recycling of receptors rather than degradation, enhances
signal potency and duration, increases affinity for ligands, and
increases catalytic activity

Answer 10

HER2

Question 11

HER2 gene is frequently amplified and the protein over expressed in many cancers, including?

Answer 11

breast, ovarian, lung,

gastric, and oral cancers.

Question 12

overexpression is associated with
increased cell proliferation and anchorage-independent growth
as well as resistance to proapoptotic stimuli
3% of patients with lung cancer

Answer 12

HER2 mutation

Question 13

HER2-targeted drugs

with different mechanism of action

Answer 13

monoclonal antibodies trastuzumab and pertuzumab, small molecule inhibitor lapatinib,
and antibody-drug conjugate ado-trastuzumab emtansine.

Question 14

reported number of gene mutations?

Answer 14

g/t 300

Question 15

percentage of mutated genes at the somatic or tumor level?

Answer 15

90%

Question 16

<p>percentage of mutated genes that show germline mutation?</p>

Answer 16

20%

Question 17

<p>percentage of mutated genes that show both somatic and germline mutations</p>

Answer 17

10%

Question 18

cancer heterogeneity

Answer 18

heterogeneity among patients, Heterogeneity between primary and metastatic sites, intramural spatia heterogeneity

Question 19

factors may suggest the presence of a

hereditary cancer

Answer 19

<p>1. Tumor development at a much younger age than usual
2. Presence of bilateral disease
3. Presence of multiple primary malignancies
4. Presentation of a cancer in the less affected sex (e.g., male
breast cancer)
5. Clustering of the same cancer type in relatives
6. Occurrence of cancer in association with other conditions
such as mental retardation or pathognomonic skin lesions</p>

Question 20

cancer invasion involves:

Answer 20

changes in adhesion, proteolysis of the ECM, initiation of motility

Question 21

initiation of motility involves?

Answer 21

autocrine motility facvtor, autotaxin, scatter factor, TGFa, EGF anfd insulin-like growth factors

Question 22

angiogenic factor:

Answer 22

VEGF, PDGFs, angiopoietins

Question 23

seed and soil theory states that?

Answer 23

• spread of metastatic cells was organ specific
• metastases developed only when the seed ans soil were compatible
• metastases can only develop in specific organs

Question 24

principles of seed and soil

Answer 24

• primary neoplasms consist of both tumor cells and host cells
• process of metastasis is selective for cells

Question 25

arising from the retina | 3% of childhood cancers

Answer 25

retinoblstoma

Question 26

a germline mutation alters one allele in all cells, later somatic mutation alters the other allele

Answer 26

retinoblastoma, hereditary form

Question 27

involves somatic mutation of both alleles in a retinal cell

Answer 27

retinoblastoma, nonhereditary form

Question 28

Breast carcinoma, soft tissue sarcoma, osteosarcoma, brain tumors, adrenocortical carcinoma, Wilms’ tumor, and phyllodes tumor of the breast are strongly associated -cancer predisposition syndrome

Answer 28

Li-Fraumeni Syndrome.

Question 29

Criteria for classic LFS in an individual (the proband) include

Answer 29

(a) a bone or soft tissue sarcoma when younger than 45 years, (b) a first-degree relative with cancer before age 45 years, and (c) another first- or second-degree relative with either a sarcoma diagnosed at any age or any cancer diagnosed before age 45 years

Question 30

. It is estimated that 5% to 10% of breast cancers are hereditary. Of women with early-onset breast cancer (age 40 years or younger), nearly 10% have a germline mutation in one of the breast cancer genes

Answer 30

BRCA1 or BRCA2

Question 31

For a female __ mutation carrier, the cumulative risks of developing breast cancer and ovarian cancer by age 70 have been estimated to be 87% and 44%

Answer 31

BRCA1

Question 32

The cumulative risks of breast cancer and ovarian cancer by age 70 in families with ____ mutation have been estimated to be 84% and 27%,

Answer 32

BRCA2

Question 33

mutation are more likely | to be estrogen receptor negative

Answer 33

BRCA1-associated tumors

Question 34

re more likely to be estrogen receptor positive.

Answer 34

BRCA2-associated | tumors

Question 35

60-90% of cancers are due to?

Answer 35

environmental factors

Question 36

initiate carcinogens by causing a mutation

Answer 36

genotoxins

Question 37

enhances the potency of genotoxins

Answer 37

cocarcinogens

Question 38

enhances tumor formation when given after exposure to genotoxins

Answer 38

tumor promoters

Question 39

can occur through induction of inflammation and cell proliferation over a period of time or through exposure to physical agents that induce DNA damage

Answer 39

Physical Carcinogens

Question 40

is the best-known agent of physical carcinogens and is classified as ionizing radiation (X-rays, gamma rays, and alpha and beta particles) or nonionizing radiation (UV).

Answer 40

Radiation

Question 41

cells that have not been directly irradiated appear to be at risk, a phenomenon referred to as

Answer 41

bystander effect.

Question 42

Most nonmelanoma human skin cancers are thought to | be induced by

Answer 42

repeated sun exposure

Question 43

are retroviruses and contain a reverse transcriptase. After the viral infection, the single-stranded RNA viral genome is transcribed into a double-stranded DNA copy, which is then integrated into the chromosomal DNA of the cell.

Answer 43

oncogenic RNA viruses

Question 44

American Cancer Society recommends routine HPV vaccination for girls and boys

Answer 44

starting at age 11 or 12 The vaccination series can be started as early as age 9. HPV vaccination is also recommended for females 13 to 26 years old and for males 13 to 21 years old who have not started the vaccines, or who have started but have not completed the series. Males 22 to 26 years old may also be vaccinated. HPV vaccination is also recommended up until age 26 for men who have sex with men and for people with weakened immune systems

Question 45

prediction of BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations, accurately predicted the age-specific familial relative risk

Answer 45

Breast and ovarian analysis incidence carrier estimation algorithm (BOADICEA)

Question 46

predict a person's risk for developing breast CA based on family history

Answer 46

Claus model

Question 47

mutation of BRCA1, BRCA2 or both on the basis of the person's cancer status and the history of breast and ovarian cancer in 1st and 2nd degree relatives

Answer 47

BRCAPRO computer program

Question 48

accurate in predicting the incidence of breast cancer in American and European females 5 year risk exceeding 1.67% -high risk

Answer 48

Gail model

Question 49

__ of screening mammograms are suggestive of an abnormality

Answer 49

10%

Question 50

in mammogram and USD screening, how many percent is determined to have breast cancer

Answer 50

5-10%

Question 51

after biopsy how many percent is determined to have breast CA?

Answer 51

25-40%

Question 52

age where women with average risk should undergo screening for breast CA

Answer 52

20-39 yo

Question 53

mammography should start at what age for average risk patients

Answer 53

40 yo

Question 54

cervical CA should begin at the age of?

Answer 54

21 yo

Question 55

gfobt for colorectal CA shoul begin at the age of?

Answer 55

50 yo

Question 56

DRE and PSE for men should be started at the age of?

Answer 56

50 yo

Question 57

uses gauge 23 needle to extract tissues, limits size of tissue

Answer 57

fine needle aspirate

Question 58

treatment for cancer

Answer 58

surgery,chemotherapy, hormonal therapuy, targeted tx, immunotherapy