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DPT 631 > Oncology: Intro And Pathology > Flashcards

Oncology: Intro And Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cancer?

A

A group of diseases characterized by controlled cell proliferation and spread of abnormal cells
Non functioning cells taking up space

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2
Q

What is a benign neoplasm/tumor?

A

Differentiated cells encapsulated in one area with a high rate of growth

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3
Q

Does a benign tumor spread?

A

Not usually

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4
Q

Even though they don’t spread, how may benign tumors cause issues?

A

Bu compressing on other tissues

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5
Q

What is a malignant neoplasm/tumor?

A

Cancer with undifferentiated cells that are unencapsulated and grow uncontrollably

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6
Q

Do malignant tumors spread?

A

They can

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7
Q

What is the definition of differentiation?

A

Development of cells from stem cells to specialized cells

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8
Q

What is the definition of hyperplasia?

A

Increase in the number of normal cells

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9
Q

What is the definition of metaplasia?

A

First stage of dysplasia where one cell is transformed to a different cell

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10
Q

What is the definition of dysplasia?

A

Disorganization of cells that can be reversible

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11
Q

What is the definition of a tumor?

A

Abnormal new growth with no useful purpose

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12
Q

What is the second leading cause of death behind heart disease?

A

Cancer

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13
Q

What are the top 4 cancers in the US?

A

Breast
Prostate
Lung/bronchus
Colon/rectum

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14
Q

What are the most common CAs to cause death?

A

Lung/bronchus
Colon/rectum
Pancreas
Breast
Prostate

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15
Q

T/f: the etiology of CA is likely multifactorial?

A

True

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16
Q

What are common risk factors for CA?

A

Non modifiable factors like age, heredity, gender, ethnicity
Behaviors such as smoking, drinking, obesity, inactivity, diet, unsafe sex
Virus exposure
Related disease
Lifestyle (pollution, indoor smoke, occupation, SES)

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17
Q

What are non modifiable risk factors for CA?

A

AGE
Heredity
Gender
Ethnicity

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18
Q

What are behavioral risk factors for CA?

A

Smoking, drinking, obesity, inactivity, diet/nutrition, unsafe sex

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19
Q

What behavior risk factors are significant factors in the most common cancers?

A

Tobacco, alcohol, and obesity

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20
Q

What is the #1 cancer worldwide?

A

Lung cancer

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21
Q

How can we classify cancers?

A

Based on cell type, tissue of origin, deg of differentiation, anatomic site, whether it is benign or malignant

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22
Q

When tumors are classified based in cell type, they are named according to what?

A

According to the tissue from which the arise

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23
Q

What tissues do solid tumors come from?

A

Epithelial
Connective tissues
Nerve

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24
Q

What tissues do liquid tumors come from?

A

Lymphoid
Hematopoietic tissue

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25
-sarcomas are generally ____ and -omas are generally _____
Malignant, benign
26
What stage of cancer has the best prognosis? Worst?
Best px: stage 0 (carcinoma in situ) Worst px: stage 4 (distant metastasis)
27
What is stage 0 cancer?
Carcinoma in situ (located in one place and hasn’t moved)
28
What is stage 1 cancer?
Local to the primary tissue
29
What is stage 2 cancer?
High risk of regional spread
30
What is stage 3 cancer?
Regional spread
31
What is stage 4 cancer?
Distant metastasis
32
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does T mean?
Primary tumor
33
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does N mean?
Regional lymph node involvement
34
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does M mean?
Distant metastasis
35
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does Tx mean?
Primary tumor can’t be assessed
36
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does T0 mean?
No evidence of primary tumor
37
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does T1,2,3,4 mean?
Progressive increase in size
38
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does Nx mean?
Nodes can’t be assessed
39
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does N0 mean?
No metastasis to local lymph nodes
40
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does N1,2,3 mean?
Progressive involvement of local nodes
41
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does Mx mean?
Distant metastasis can’t be assessed
42
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does M0 mean?
No distant metastasis
43
In the TNM tumor grading system, what does M1 mean?
Presence of distant metastasis
44
What is carcinogenesis?
The process by which a normal cell undergoes malignant transformation
45
T/f: the pathogenesis of cancer is usually a multi step process involving progressive changes after a genetic damage to or alteration of cellular DNA
True
46
What is the order of dysplasia in cancer?
Hyperplasia—>metaplasia—>dysplasia—>carcinoma in situ—>invasive carcinoma
47
What is the somatic mutation theory of cancer?
Tumors begin with a single cell that acquired a genetic mutation or chromosomal changes in number or structure cause cancer
48
What chromosomal numerical changes can lead to cancer?
Addition or deletion of an entire chromosome
49
What chromosomal structural changes can cause cancer?
Translocation of parts of chromosomes Deletion of parts of chromosomes Inversion of parts of chromosomes Insertion of parts of chromosomes
50
T/f: we know how chromosomal changes contribute to the malignant process
False, that is still unclear
51
What are the proposed mechanisms for how chromosome changes contribute to the malignant process?
Oncogene activation and tumor suppressors gene inactivation
52
What is a protooncogene?
A normal segment of DNA involved in cell division, replication, and death
53
What is the role of the protooncogene in oncogenesis?
It can become an oncogene through mutation
54
What is an oncogene?
A mutated segment of DNA associated with tumor formation
55
What is the role of the oncogene in oncogenesis?
Once activated by virus, carcinogen, etc, it can cause tumor growth
56
What is a tumor suppressor gene?
Segment of DNA that suppresses tumor formation by actively seeking and destroying CA genes
57
What is the role of tumor suppressor genes in oncogenesis?
If it becomes inactive, it allows tumor growth
58
What 3 factors contribute to oncogenesis?
Protooncogene transformation Oncogene activation Tumor suppressor gene inactivation
59
How does the immune system contribute to cancer?
Through immunosurveillance, the immune system constantly seeks out potentially cancerous cells to destroy
60
What is immunosurveillance?
The immune system constantly seeking out potentially cancerous cells to destroy
61
What immune cells are involved in immunosurveillance for cancer destruction?
NKCs Macrophages CD8 and T cells B cells
62
For cancer to begin, there has to be a failure of what system?
There has to be a failure of the immune system to recognize cancer cells
63
How may a failure of the immune system cause cancer?
Bc the cancer cells doesn’t produce cancer antigens The cell is MHC deficient and the body can’t recognize self from cancer T cells are less active to recognize cancer cells
64
What is cancer immunotherapy?
Using the body’s own immune system to fight cancer in different ways
65
What are the three types of cancer immunotherapy?
Antibody therapy Adoptive cell therapy Cancer vaccines
66
What is antibody therapy?
A type of immunotherapy where we have to know what the tumor antigen is for it to work
67
What is adoptive cell therapy?
A cancer immunotherapy where blood is drawn out, the T cells are given antigen recognition to fight the cancer and the blood is reinfused
68
What is metastasis?
When tumors are able to spread from the primary site to other locations in the body
69
What will metastatic cells look like?
They will look like the cells of the primary location
70
How do tumors spread?
Cells break way from the primary tumor, travel through the body via the blood or lymphatic system, and become trapped in the capillaries of other organs
71
What are the most common sites of metastasis?
Liver, lung, lymph nodes, bone, brain
72
What are the clinical manifestations of pulmonary (lung) metastasis?
Persistent dry cough Dyspnea, pleuritical pain, hemoptysis
73
What is often the first sign of lung metastasis?
Persistent dry cough
74
When would a persistent dry cough be missed as a sign of lung cancer?
When the person ordinarily has a persistent dry cough like with COPD
75
What is the most common metastasis?
Lung
76
What is the presentation of hepatic (liver) metastasis?
Jaundice
77
What is the presentation of skeletal system (bone) metastasis?
Deep pain Increased pain with activity or weight bearing
78
What is the presentation of CNS metastasis?
Brain and SC symptoms (UMN/LMN)
79
What is the incidence of metastasis?
About 30% of clients with newly diagnosed cancers have clinically detectable metastases At least 30-40% of the remaining clients who are clinically free of metastasis harbor occult (hidden) metastases
80
The ability of a tumor to grow beyond a very small mass depends on what?
The ability to gain access to an adequate supply of blood and in some cases the presence of hormonal factors
81
How do tumors break through the lymphatics?
They excrete acid like enzymes that dissolve the basement membrane and break through the lymphatics
82
How do cancer cells enter the blood?
They can enter the blood where lymph nodes drain into veins when enzymes from the tumor dissolve the basement membrane
83
How may pathologists be able to diagnose the metastasis?
Bc metastases usually reproduce the cellular structure of the primary growth well enough the be recognized as similar to the primary site cells
84
What factors affect cancer prognosis?
The type of cancer The stage at dx Characteristics of the tumor Pre diagnosis health status Availability of treatment Response to treatment
85
What is remission?
No active signs of cancer
86
When is cancer relapse most likely to occur?
During the first 5 years in remission
87
What is cancer specific survival?
How long a patient lives with cancer diagnosis Only looking at death bc of cancer
88
What is relative survival?
Ppl who would die for other reasons than the cancer
89
What is overall survival?
Survival regardless of the cause of death
90
What is disease free survival?
How long a pt lives without relapse
91
What is progression free survival?
How long someone lives with stable course of disease

DPT 631 (25 decks)

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