ONE: PUNCTUATION & MECHANICS Flashcards
(300 cards)
1
Q
Punctuation marks are used to do what?
A
Punctuation marks are used to join, separate, and end ideas.
2
Q
When used appropriately, what do punctuation marks communicate?
A
When used appropriately, punctuation marks communicate the writer’s meaning to the reader.
3
Q
What are these sentences an example of?
1. The boss said the secretary is incompetent.
2. “The boss,” said the secretary, “is incompetent.”
A
These sentences are examples of using punctuation marks to communicate meaning.
4
Q
There are many cases in which the writer has a choice of which punctuation marks to use, whether to use any at all…this choice that the writer makes has to do with what?
A
It has to do with style not mechanics.
5
Q
What is the definition of mechanics?
A
Mechanics are the rules governing punctuation marks that must always be used the same way in the same circumstances.
6
Q
While the period is normally used to indicate the end of a sentence, it is also used to indicate what?
A
It is also used to indicate abbreviations, such as Mr., Mrs., Dr., Jr., & a.m. & p.m.
7
Q
What is the definition of an ellipses?
A
An ellipses is a mark made up of three (and only three) periods in a row, with a space between each period.
8
Q
Ellipses are used to indicate what two things?
A
- Material omitted from a direct quote.
- The passing of time.
9
Q
What is this sentence an example of?
Lincoln said, “…with malice toward none…let us bind up the nations wounds….”
A
This sentence is an example of using an ellipses to signify that material has been omitted from a direct quote.
10
Q
How is the first set of ellipses involving Lincoln’s speech being used?
Lincoln said, “…with malice toward none…let us bind up the nations wounds….”
A
The beginning parts of Lincoln’s speech is being omitted and being replaced by an ellipses.
11
Q
How is the second set of ellipses involving Lincoln’s speech being used?
Lincoln said, “…with malice toward none…let us bind up the nations wounds….”
A
An ellipses is being used to leave out something in the middle of the sentence.
12
Q
How is the last set of ellipses involving Lincoln’s speech being used:
Lincoln said, “…with malice toward none…let us bind up the nations wounds….”
A
The last set of ellipses is being used to end the sentence before Lincoln ended it.
13
Q
Why does the last ellipses contain four periods instead of the three required ellipses periods?
Lincoln said, “…with malice toward none…let us bind up the nations wounds….”
A
It’s still an ellipses. It’s just that the first period is just ending the sentence and it is not part of the ellipses.
14
Q
What are these sentences an example of?
A
These sentences are examples of using an ellipses to indicate the passage of time.
15
Q
What is different (compared to using an ellipses to indicate omission) about using an ellipses to indicate the passage of time?
A
The use of an ellipses to indicate the passage of time is a matter of style…Either of the sentences could have been written without the ellipses, but of course, it would not have said quite the same thing.
16
Q
What is the difference between using an ellipses for 2. the passage of time versus using an ellipses for 1. Material being omitted from a direct quote?
A
- Material being omitted from a direct quote is dictated by the rules of mechanics.
- The use of an ellipses to show the passage of time is a matter of style.
17
Q
When it comes to the question mark…which is used to ask a direct question, what does this question exemplify?
The water is cold?
A
It exemplifies that even if the sentence is not structured as a question, the use of a question mark tells the reader a question is intended.
18
Q
What is one thing about question marks that many writers don’t realize?
A
Writers do not realize that a question mark may serve as internal as well as terminal punctuation.
19
Q
Question marks may occur where?
A
Question marks may occur within a sentence (internal) as well as at its end (terminal).
20
Q
What are these two sentences an example of?
A
These two sentences are examples of question marks that occur in an internal punctuation and in a terminal punctuation.
21
Q
What should be noted about question marks that occur in the internal position?
A
It should be added that question marks that occur in the internal position with their following word is not capitalized: “or” & “exactly”
22
Q
Exclamation marks are used for what purpose?
A
Exclamation marks are used for emphasis, especially regarding interjections.
23
Q
What is this sentence an example of?
Whew! did that hurt!
A
It is an example of an exclamation point being used for emphasis regarding interjections.
24
Q
In terms of style, what else can be used besides an exclamation point interjection?
A
Commas can also be used following interjections, but you give greater emphasis with an exclamation.
25
In what way are exclamation marks and question marks similar?
Exclamation marks, like question marks, can be used internally in a sentence, as well as at the end.
26
In what instance are exclamation marks frequently used?
Exclamation marks are frequently used with the imperative mood.
27
What is this sentence an example of?
Stop that nonsense at once!
It is an example of an exclamation mark being used with the imperative mood.
28
What is the purpose behind using the exclamation point for the indicative mood?
When you want to bring added emphasis to a simple statement - the exclamation point is used for indicative mood purposes.
29
What is this sentence an example of?
I will never change my mind!
This sentence is an example of the exclamation point being used in the indicative mood.
30
31
What is this sentence an example of?
Do I love fudge!
It is an indicative mood exclamation point being used to end a sentence that is structured like a question.
32
Exclamation points, like any other punctuation is used primarily for what purpose?
For emphasis (such as underlining or italicizing).
33
What is a good word of caution about exclamation points?
They should be used sparingly. Overuse of emphasizing marks will have the exact opposite effect- it will dilute the impact of your writing.
34
What does the combination of a semicolon and a period suggest when it comes to a semicolon?
The combo suggests that it is stronger than a comma, but not as final as a period.
35
Why is it important to think of the semicolon as being a strong comma?
If you think of the semicolon as being a strong comma, you will be less likely to use it in the wrong place.
36
What are the four general uses of the semicolon?
37
The semicolon is able to do what?
The semicolon is able to join independent clauses when the comma/coordinating conjunction would be stylistically weaker.
38
What is a way to make this "okay" sentence better?
By replacing the comma and coordinating conjunction with a semi colon.
Better: Power corrupts; absolute power corrupts absolutely.
39
What is this sentence an example of?
Stop that nonsense; or should I tell your mother?
This is an instance in which the semicolon is being used to separate a statement from a question or a needed shift in mood.
40
What two shifts are occurring in the this sentence in which the semicolon is being used?
Stop that nonsense; or should I tell your mother?
There is a shift from the imperative mood to the indicative and a shift from a statement to a question.
41
What is one reason why you would use a semicolon to either separate a statement from a question or create a shift in mood?
It can be done intentionally to render realistic dialogue - in which the semicolon is used to both employ a shift and keep the meaning clear through punctuation.
42
What is occurring within these two sentences:
43
What is occurring within this sentence?
44
Anyone interested in man's past might major in history, the study of his recent past; archeology, the study of his ancient past; or anthropology, the study of his evolutionary development.
It should be noticed that these could be stand-alone sentences on both sides of the semicolon.
45
Except in instances in which the semicolon is used to separate series and clauses that contain internal punctuation, what is the primary function of the semicolon?
Semicolons primarily connect independent clauses.
46
What if you're not sure whether you need a semicolon or a comma?
Substitute a period and find out if both elements are correct as sentences and can therefore be joined by a semicolon.
47
What is a colon?
The colon is a mark that indicates a series or one single idea.
48
The colon announces a series of points or a single idea in what three possible ways?
1. A sentence (capitalization is optional)
2. A sentence fragment (1st word is never capitalized)
3. Unless it is a proper noun, there is a list that immediately follows.
49
In what kind of writing is the colon often used?
Technical writing.
50
What is this sentence an example of?
It's an example of a complete sentence being used after the colon to communicate a series of ideas.
51
What should be noticed about the choice of capitalization regarding the "We" which occurs after the colon-especially when it comes to a complete sentence?
If what follows the colon could stand alone as a sentence, you may treat it as such-that is, capitalize the first word-or not...This is a matter of style. and the only important thing is that you are consistent within a piece of writing.
52
When it comes to grammar being a matter of style, what is important to keep in mind?
When writing is a matter of style it is important an important thing to remain consistent within a piece of writing.
53
What is this an example of?
This is a complete sentence being used after the colon to communicate a series of ideas (deciding not to capitalize & therefore turning the series of ideas into a sentence fragment).
54
While it's perfectly acceptable to have "We had" if you're not wanting to capitalize after the colon what must you do?
If you decide not to capitalize you have to turn the series of ideas/list into a sentence fragment (thus by removing the subject: "We had."
55
If you decide not to capitalize- then you must also do what when it comes to a series of ideas/list which occurs after a colon?
Then you must make sure that what occurs after the colon is an incomplete sentence or fragment by removing the subject.
56
What is this an example of & what should be noticed about this example?
This is a list that immediately follows the colon. Notice that there is a period which ends the list.
57
What are the TEN distinct uses of the comma?
58
What are the eight coordinating conjunctions that join independent clauses? What is used with these coordinating conjunctions?
A comma is used with a coordinating conjunction to join independent clauses:
59
How must independent clauses be joined with a coordinating conjunction?
If you join independent clauses with a coordinating conjunction, a comma must come before the coordinating conjunction.
60
What if a coordinating conjunction does NOT introduce your clause?
If a coordinating conjunction does not introduce your clause, you must use a semicolon.
61
If a coordinating conjunction is not being used to introduce a clause & you use a comma instead of a semicolon, what kind of sentence do you get?
By using a comma instead of a semicolon when there isn't a coordinating conjunction present to introduce the clause you get a run-on sentence.
62
What is this sentence an example of?
This is a comma being used with a coordinating conjunction to combine two independent clauses.
63
What is this sentence an example of?
Think about your speech; then you won't get stage fright.
This sentence is an example of a coordinating conjunction that is not present & so a comma can't be used, therefore a semicolon must be used.
64
What is this sentence an example of?
Think about your speech, you won't get stage fright.
This is a run-on sentence because a coordinating conjunction is not present and a comma is used to join two independent clauses.
65
What is the #1 use of a comma?
Using a comma with a coordinating conjunction to join independent clauses.
66
What is the #2 use of a comma?
Using commas after an introductory adverb clause.
67
What is the function of the subordinating conjunction?
The subordinating conjunction signals an adverb clause.
68
What is the rule/grammar rule about beginning a sentence with an adverb clause?
Regardless of how long the adverb clause is - it must be followed by a comma.
69
What are the four most common subordinating conjunctions that start the beginning of an adverb clause?
1. As
2.When
3. If
4. Since
70
The nine most common subordinating conjunctions are?
71
When a sentence begins an adverb clause with "as" what does it require?
The adverb clause will require a comma.
72
What are these sentences an example of?
These are sentences that begin with "as" & therefore both require a comma.
73
What is #3 use of a comma?
Use of commas after introductory phrases - sometimes.
74
What is the difference between a phrase and a clause?
A clause has a subject and a predicate while a phrase doesn't have a subject or a predicate.
75
What are the implications of a phrase not containing neither a subject nor a predicate?
It means that a phrase is often shorter than a clause that conveys the same idea.
76
How can a clearer understanding of a sentence be made when it comes to the inclusion of an introductory phrase?
A sentence can often be clearer if the introductory phrases are set off with commas.
77
When it comes to the introductory phrase, what is the common style guide rule?
If the phrase has four or more words, set it off with a comma.
78
What is this an example of?
After the game we went for a snack.
This sentence is an introductory phrase that has less than four words and is therefor not set off with a comma.
79
What is this an example of?
After a baseball game that lasted twelve innings, we went for a snack.
This sentence has an introductory phrase that has more than four words and therefore needs to be set off with a comma.
80
What is #4 use of a comma?
Use of a comma after introductory words.
81
What is an introductory word?
An introductory word is sometimes a single word that can precede the entire sentence.
82
The three kinds of introductory words include the following (commas):
83
What is this sentence an example of & what is modifying what (commas)?
Fearfully, we tiptoed down the creaky stairs.
In this sentence the adverb: fearfully is modifying tiptoed. This is an adverb that modified a verb in the main clause.
84
What is this sentence an example of (commas)?
However, we decided to try again.
This is a transitional word used to create a smooth flow from one sentence to the next.
85
What is this sentence an example of (commas)?
Mr. Abernathy, do you endorse our five-year plan?
This is a direct address.
86
What is the #5 use of a comma?
Using a comma to separate items in a series.
87
The four ways in which to use a comma to separate an item in a series includes the following:
88
What is considered to be a "short series" with regards to separating items in a series?
In a "short series" each member contains no more than two words.
89
When it comes to a short series what is a matter of style?
Concerning a short series, it is a matter of style whether or not you use a comma before the conjunction that precedes the final item in the series.
90
If you decide to use a comma before the conjunction that precedes the final item in a series- what is this called?
This particular insertion of a comma is called a "serial comma."
91
What is this an example of?
Cinnamon, apples and pure butter went into that pie.
This is an example of serial comma being excluded from a short series.
92
When it comes to items in a series being longer phrases - what may need to happen?
If the individual items in a series are longer phrases then placing a comma before the conjunction may be preferable for ease of reading.
93
What is this an example of?
Freshly ground cinnamon, Mackintosh apples right out of Oregon, and pure country butter from Grandma's farm went into that pie.
This has a comma being used before the conjunction because the individual items in the series are longer phrases.
94
What if all the items in a series are joined by a coordinating conjunction?
If all the items in a series are joined by a coordinating conjunction, commas are typically not used.
95
What is this sentence an example of?
Cinnamon and apples and pure butter went into that pie.
This sentence is an example of commas that are not being used because the items in the series are all joined by coordinating conjunctions.
96
If you have a series that includes an item that is itself made up of more than one thing what should you do?
Keep the components of that item together by not using a comma.
97
What is this an example of?
This involves an item in a series that is made up of more than one thing - and so the initial comma for that item is excluded while all other commas occur with its component parts.
98
The use of commas in a series - particularly at the end of a series is mostly a matter of what?
It is mostly a matter of style.
99
What is the #6 use of the comma?
It involves using commas with compound adjectives.
100
Sometimes what else is needed to modify a noun?
Sometimes more than one adjective is needed to modify a noun.
101
What is the stylistic "rule" governing the use of commas with compound adjectives?
The stylistic rule involved with compound adjectives has to do with using a comma when the adjectives modify the subject with equal force.
102
Other than instinct, how do you determine the relative "force" of adjectives?
If you can insert the word "and" between the adjectives, and the sentence still make sense, then you have equally forceful adjectives and you should use a comma.
103
What is this an example of?
...an old Easter hat...
This is an example of two adjectives that are not compound because they do not have equal force. In this instance the comma is excluded when the adjectives do not modify the subject with equal force.
104
How can the comma exclusion be determined in
...an old Easter hat...
with regards to its compound adjectives?
By using the "force" of adjectives test and inserting "and" you get "an old and Easter hat" which sounds ridiculous - the adjectives are not equal and so the comma is excluded.
105
What is this an example of? Why is the comma being included?
...an old, tattered hat...
The comma is being included because the adjectives do indeed modify the subject with equal force.
106
How can the comma inclusion be determined in
"...an old, tattered hat..."
regarding equal "force" and compound adjectives?
By using the "force" of adjectives test and inserting "and" you get:
"an old and tattered hat" which makes sense - the adjectives are forcefully equal and so the comma is included.
107
What is the #7 use of a comma?
The #7 use of a comma involves using commas with short independent clauses in a series.
108
While it has been stressed that only semicolons can separate independent clauses that are not joined by a coordinating conjunction, there is a stylistic "rule" that actually outweighs this grammatical rule - what is it?
When independent clauses in a series are very short, you may elect to treat them stylistically like items in a series and use commas instead.
109
What is this an example of? Why are commas being included?
1. I came, I saw, I conquered.
2. I think, therefore I am.
3. Earn all you can, save all you can, give all you can.
These sentences are short independent clauses in which commas are used instead of semicolons.
110
With these sentences why is a semicolon not a good idea?
1. I came, I saw, I conquered.
2. I think, therefore I am.
3. Earn all you can, save all you can, give all you can.
The use of a semicolon would look awkward and suggest over-punctuation.
111
So, if you have a series involving independent clauses that are parallel and quite brief, it is appropriate do do what?
It is appropriate to separate them with commas.
112
What is the #8 use of a comma?
This use of a comma involves comma use with nonrestrictive modifiers.
113
When it comes to the use of nonrestrictive modifying phrases, what can often affect the meaning of a sentence?
The misuse of a comma with modifying nonrestrictive phrases can dramatically affect the meaning of a sentence.
114
How is a nonrestrictive modifying phrase featured in a sentence?
The nonrestrictive modifying phrase is always set off by commas.
115
What does this sentence feature?
The lawnmower, which is in the garage, needs repairing.
This sentences features a nonrestrictive modifier, which is always set off with commas.
116
When it comes to a nonrestrictive modifier needing to be set-off by commas - what is this first sentence saying about the lawnmower?
The lawnmower, which is in the garage, needs repairing.
It is saying that there is one lawnmower, that it is in the garage, and it needs repairing.
117
What is the definition of a restrictive modifier?
A restrictive modifier is like a nonrestrictive, however, it is inserted without commas and can drastically alter the meaning of a sentence.
118
What does this sentence feature?
The lawnmower that is in the garage needs repairing.
This sentence features a restrictive modifier that is not set off by commas.
119
What is this sentence saying about the lawnmower?
The lawnmower that is in the garage needs repairing.
This sentence, which features a restrictive modifier (without commas) is saying that, while there are several lawnmowers, only the one in the garage needs repairing.
120
What is the #9 use of a comma?
It's about avoiding the use of a comma before verbs.
121
When it comes to avoiding the use of a comma before a verb, what is the definition of a comma fault?
A comma fault involves the separation of a subject from its verb with a comma or a verb from its object with a comma.
122
What are the two instances in which a comma fault occurs?
1. Separation of a subject from its verb with a comma.
2. Separation of a verb from its object with a comma.
123
In what instances does a comma fault typically occur?
The comma fault error usually occurs in long sentences, especially in ones that have very long subjects.
124
How is a comma fault occurring in this sentence?
In this instance a comma fault is occurring with the comma.
125
What is wrong in the sentence?
There is absolutely no need for a comma ",is"
126
Why is it an error to use the ",is" comma in the wrong sentence?
It is wrong to use it because it separates the subject "clause" from its verb "is."
127
What would happen if you removed the comma from this "wrong" sentence?
Even though the sentence is long, its meaning is perfectly clear without the comma.
128
How can this wrong sentence be corrected?
What would the corrected version of this look like?
The sentence can be corrected by:
129
What is the difference with this right/revised sentence compared to the wrong sentences & what is the right sentence doing - when compared to the wrong sentence?
Wrong: You will notice that the adverb clause preceding the main clause in the first of these sentences, is quite long.
Right: You will notices that the adverb clause, which precedes the main clause in the first of these sentences, is quite long.
The right/revised sentence has two commas with the corresponding relative pronoun which creates a nonrestrictive modifier:
",which precedes the main clause in the first of these sentences,"
130
",which precedes the main clause in the first of these sentences,"
Even though there is still a comma ",is" before the verb in the right sentence - why does the second comma and relative pronoun make all the difference?
It makes all the difference because the nonrestrictive modifier always starts and ends with a comma when they interrupt the main sentence.
131
Wrong: You will notice that the adverb clause preceding the main clause in the first of these sentences, is quite long.
Right: You will notices that the adverb clause, which precedes the main clause in the first of these sentences, is quite long.
How come the comma usage is incorrect in the wrong sentence and yet correct in the right sentence?
The primary problem with the wrong sentence involves the lone comma being used to separate a subject and verb.
Right: comma usage is correct.
Wrong: It is the lone comma separating a subject and verb that must be avoided.
132
What is the #10 use of a comma?
This involves using commas for the purpose of clarity.
133
Using commas for the purpose of clarity involves doing what?
It involves breaking the rules because there are times when sentences must contain commas even in places where you've been told never to use them.
134
What kind of sentence is this. How come is it correct even though it is breaking the rules?
What will be, will be.
This is a comma fault sentence. In this sentence the rules are being broken for the purposes of clarity.
135
Why is this sentence considered to be a sentence with a comma fault?
What will be, will be.
What will be, will be.
The comma: ,
is separating a subject from its verb.
136
Why is a comma fault necessary in this sentence?
What will be, will be.
Since the comma: ,
is being used to duplicate its verb, the comma becomes necessary for clarification.
137
How is the dash (or they hyphen) made?
It is made with a double strike on the keyboard.
138
Where does the hyphen occur? What is this mark called?
139
What is the most optional of all the punctuation marks?
The dash.
140
For what purpose is the em dash or hyphen used?
It is used to add emphasis to ideas.
141
Regarding the nonrestrictive modifier, why is the use of a dash/hyphen considered to be a second option?
Besides setting off a nonrestrictive modifier with a comma, the use of a dash is a second option to give special emphasis to the nonrestrictive modifier.
142
This sentence exemplifies doing what regarding the use of dashes?
This matter-which is no concern of ours-should be handles by Mr. Roberts.
143
The four ways in which to use the dash/hyphen include the following:
144
What is the #1 way to use a dash/hyphen?
1. In place of a comma that's typically used to set off a nonrestrictive modifier. Here, the dash creates a special emphasis.
145
Adverb clauses typically consist of what kind of punctuation?
Adverb clauses typically take a comma or nothing at all.
146
Why would a dash be used in place of a comma when it comes to an adverb clause?
A dash is used instead to give emphasis to the ending adverb clause.
147
What does the dash do to the adverb clause?
It separates the adverb clause from the rest of the sentence.
148
Why would you want to create a greater separation with a dash as opposed to the comma when it comes to an adverb clause?
The dash forces the reader to focus on the final clause.
149
What is the #2 way to use a dash/hyphen?
2. To provide emphasis for the end of an adverb clause.
150
What is this sentence an example of?
Punctuating sentences correctly is a simple matter - if you know how to identify phrases and clauses.
It is an example of using a dash in place of a comma to give emphasis to an ending adverb clause.
151
What is the #3 way to use the dash/hyphen?
The #3 way involves using a dash/hyphen to indicate a break in thought.
152
Why does using a dash to indicate a break in thought require a certain amount of caution?
Because you can use the dash to indicate the passing of time by mistake.
153
How are you supposed to indicate the passing of time?
By using the ellipses (...)
154
What are the two primary in-text use to indicate a break in thought with the dash?
Use # 1: For an abrupt break in thought.
Use #2: For an unexpected interruption.
155
What is this sentence doing?
Wait just one minute! Do you mean to imply--"
In this sentence the dash is being used to indicate an abrupt break in thought or an unexpected interruption.
156
What is the #4 way to use the dash/hyphen?
Dashes can be used to indicate an aside.
157
Why would a writer use an aside in their writing?
An aside is used when the writer , for reasons known best to himself, wishes to "chat" directly with the reader by thrusting in some tidbit of info.
158
How much of a relationship does an aside have with the rest of the sentence?
An aside may only have an indirect relationship with the remainder of the sentence.
159
What is this sentence an example of?
He promised her a new ring--isn't that just like a man?--for their twentieth wedding anniversary.
It is an example of using dashes to indicate an aside.
160
What is the most common use of the hyphen?
The most common use of the hyphen is to break words to prevent an unusually long blank space.
161
What are the six uses of the hyphen?
1. Hyphenating words between any of its syllables.
2. Using a hyphen to indicate a compound adjective.
3. Using hyphen to indicate an adjective -noun combination that modifies a noun.
4. Using a hyphen to provide alternatives for one of the elements of a compound adjective.
5. Two nouns being joined by a hyphen to show that the two words together make one term (nurse-midwife, light-year).
6. A whole phrase occurring in the adjectival position, in which case the whole expression must take hyphens ("up-to-date")
162
What is the #1 way to use a hyphen?
Using a hyphen to Hyphenate words between any of its syllables.
163
What is the best source for hyphenation guidelines?
The dictionary is your best source for hyphenation guidelines.
164
In the dictionary, why is there a dot that separates the word's main entry?
The dot represents the in-between parts of the words syllables-- which is where you may generally hyphenate a word.
165
What are the three exceptions to the hyphenate a syllable rule?
Exception #1 Never hyphenate the first letter or the last two letters of a word.
Exception #2 Never hyphenate a proper noun (unless it is a compound surname, in which case the hyphen is optional).
Exception #3 Never hyphenate the last word on a page.
166
What is the #2 way to use a hyphen?
To indicate a compound adjective.
167
What is a compound adjective?
It is an adjective that's made up of more than one word.
168
What is this an example of?
blue-green
It is an example of a hyphen being used to indicate a compound adjective.
169
What is the #3 way to use a hyphen?
to indicate an adjective -noun combination that modifies a noun.
170
Adjective-noun combinations are created by doing what?
They're created with the use of the hyphen.
171
The resulting adjective-noun combined word is treated as being what?
The resulting hyphenated word is treated like an adjective.
172
What is the adjective-noun combination modifying?
The resulting adjective-noun combination is modifying a noun.
173
What is 1 & 2 an example of?
1. A single-word answer.
2. A five-year plan.
They're both example of an instance in which a noun is modified through the use of a hyphen to indicate an adjective-noun combination.
174
What is the #4 way to use a hyphen?
To provide alternatives for one of the elements of a compound adjective.
175
What is this an instance of?
I can't tell if this is a twenty-or thirty-gallon barrel.
It is an instance in which an alternative is provided for one of the elements of a compound adjective through the use of a hyphenation.
176
What is the #5 way to use a hyphen?
By using two nouns with a hyphen to show that the two words together make one term.
177
What are these hyphenated words an example of?
nurse-midwife
light-year
These are nouns that are joined together by a hyphen which shows two words becoming one term.
178
What is the #6 way to use a hyphen?
A hyphen can be used with a whole phrase that is in the adjectival position, in which case the whole expression must take hyphens. occurring in the adjectival position.
179
A whole phrase may have to occur in what position?
There are times when a whole phrase may occur in the adjectival position.
180
When a whole phrase occurs in the adjectival position - what happens next?
When a whole phrase occurs in the adjectival position it must take hyphens.
181
What are these sentences an example of?
He was a twenty-five-year-old executive.
We have an up-and-coming enterprise here.
These are phrase expressions that are occurring in the adjectival position with hyphens.
182
What needs to be remembered about phrase expressions?
Phrase expressions are only hyphenated when they're used as adjectives.
183
What are these sentences an example of and what is the difference between them in terms of what is and isn't being hyphenated?
1. This is a step-by-step guide to home repair.
2. This guide teaches home repair step by step.
Both of these are example of phrase type expressions. #1 has to be hyphenated because it is occurring in the adjectival position. #1 has an adjective phrase that modifies "guide."
However, #2 is not hyphenated because the expression is after the noun. With the expression being after the noun, it becomes an adverb phrase that modifies "teaches."
184
What are the ten commandments/uses of the apostrophe?
1. Using the apostrophe to indicate possession.
2. Possessive being indicated by adding an apostrophe and "S."
3. The possessive form for plural nouns use apostrophe.
4. Plurals that are not created by adding an "s" or "es" but by an internal change in the spelling of the word by using an apostrophe.
5. Using the apostrophe for contractions which involves omitted letters or numerals.
6. Contraction mistakes with first person singular use with an apostrophe.
7. Using "can't" without an apostrophe/contraction.
8. Contraction/apostrophe errors involving possessive pronouns.
9. With the use of apostrophes in contractions, you must know where the apostrophe always goes.
10. The apostrophe is used for omitted numerals in dates and for plurals of letters.
185
What is commandment/use #1 for the apostrophe?
The apostrophe can be used to indicate possession.
186
Using the apostrophe to indicate possession does not apply to what?
It does not apply to possessive pronouns.
187
What are the seven possessive pronouns?
1. its
2. hers
3. his
4. ours
5. theirs
6. yours
7. my
188
Possessive pronouns never take on what?
Possessive pronouns never take on an apostrophe.
189
In using an apostrophe to indicate possession, what are we dealing with?
In dealing with this punctuation mark and its use to show possession, we are concerned with nouns and other kinds of pronouns.
190
What are these two clauses an example of?
one's problem
nobody's problem
These two are examples of using an apostrophe to indicate possession regarding the use of pronouns.
191
What are these two clauses an example of?
the girl's bed
the dog's bone
These two are using an apostrophe to indicate possession regarding the use of common nouns.
192
What are these two clauses an example of?
Mary's necklace
Dr. Winkler's stethoscope
They're an example of the apostrophe being used to indicate possession with proper nouns.
193
What should be noticed about the pronoun, common noun, and proper noun within these sentences?
one's problem
nobody's problem
the girl's bed
the dog's bone
Mary's necklace
Dr. Winkler's stethoscope
The pronoun, common noun, and proper noun involve words that are singular and they end with sounds other than "s."
194
What is commandment/use #2 for the apostrophe?
This involves the possessive being indicated by adding an apostrophe and an "s."
195
What isn't always necessarily true when it comes to indicating a singular noun in the possessive?
Since the possessive is indicated here by the adding of an apostrophe and an "s," you might imagine that such would always be the case with singular nouns. This, however, it not necessarily so.
196
How come it isn't always the case that a possessive is indicated by adding an apostrophe and an "s"?
When a singular noun ends with an "s" sound (whether or not the actual final letter is an "s"), style allows for the final "s" showing possession to be omitted, making such words less clumsy to pronounce.
197
What are these sentences an example of?
1. Crisis' solution
2. Kansas' vote
3. Conscience' sake
1. (or Crisis's solution)
2. (or Kansas's vote)
3. (or conscience's sake)
In all three circumstances the extra "s" makes it clumsy to pronounce.
Using an apostrophe for singular nouns that end with an "s" sound to communicate possession is a matter of style. Style allows for the final "s" to be omitted.
198
What is commandment/use #3 for the apostrophe?
3. The possessive form for plural nouns uses apostrophe.
199
How is the possessive form for plural nouns formed?
The possessive form for plurals are usually formed by adding an "s" to words that do not already end in "s" and "es," and of course adding "es" to words that already have an "s."
200
Regarding the possessive form for plural nouns, where does the apostrophe indicating possession go?
At the very end of the last letter of the word.
201
What is the following list an example of?
1. girls' dormitory
2. the Joneses' car
3. Smiths' driveway
4. dresses' collars
These are the possessive forms of plural nouns that feature an addition of an "s." There is also an instance in which an "es" is added to words that already have an "s."
202
What is commandment/use #4 for the apostrophe?
Plurals are not created by adding an "s" or "es" but by adding an internal change in the spelling of the word by adding an apostrophe.
203
Other than adding "s" or "es" for possessive plurals- what is the other way plurals can be possessive?
Certain plurals can be possessive through an internal change in the spelling of the word.
204
How does an internal change occur for certain possessive plurals?
The possessive of such plurals is created by adding an apostrophe and an "s," just as with singular nouns.
205
What are the 8 contractions for "will"? (#4 apostrophes)
1. I'll
2. You'll
3. it'll
4. he'll
5. she'll
6. we'll
7. they'll
8. who'll
206
What are these an example of?
1. men's
2. women's
3. children's
4. people's
These four are plurals in the possessive that are not created with an "s" or "es," but must involve an internal change to make the plural possessive.
207
What is commandment/use #4 for the apostrophe?
This uses involves using the apostrophe for contractions which involves omitted letters or numerals.
208
How are contractions formed? (#4 apostrophes)
Contractions are formed by omitting letters from two frequently associated word and blending them into one word.
209
What are the 8 contractions for am/are/is? (#4 apostrophes)
1. I'm
2. you're
3. it's
4. he's
5. she's
6. we're
7. they're
8. whose/ who're
210
What are the 8 contractions for have/has? (#4 apostrophes)
1. I've
2. you've
3. it's
4. he's
5. she's
6. we've
7. they've
8. who's/who've
211
What are the 8 contractions for "would/has"? (#4 apostrophes)
1. I'd
2. You's
3. It'd
4. he'd
5. she'd
6. we'd
7. they'd
8. who'd
212
What are the 4 contractions for "Have"? (#4 apostrophes)
1. Would've
2. Could've
3. Should've
4. Might've
213
What are the 5 contractions for not? (#4 apostrophes)
1. Wouldn't/won't
2. couldn't/can't
3. shouldn't/(shan't)
4. aren't/isn't (ain't)
5. hasn't/haven't/hadn't
214
What is the #5 commandment/use involving apostrophes?
Avoid contraction mistakes with the first person singular use involving an apostrophe.
215
What did Will Rogers say about the word "ain't"?
As Will Rogers said, "You ain't supposed to say 'aint" and that is true- exept when you are directly quoting someone.
216
Based off what Will Rogers says about ain't....& in desperation for a contraction for the first person singular, what do inexperienced writers often do?
In desperation for a contraction for the first person singular "I am" blended with "not," inexperienced writers often mistakenly choose one that is wrong.
217
What kind of wrong contraction do writers mistakenly choose when seeking a first-person singular contraction?
Inexperienced writers often mistakenly choose "aren't I," which is pretty must just as wrong as saying "ain't I."
218
Why is the seeking of a contraction (aren't vs. ain't) a most conspicuous exhibition of disagreement?
It's a most conspicuous disagreement because of the disagreement between subject and verb.
219
When phrased as a question, is there a contraction for the first-person singular with "not"?
Lamentably, when phrased as a question, there is no contraction for the first-person singular with "not."
220
When it comes to asking a question, how do you use first-person singular if there can't be a contraction with the word: "not"?
With no contraction involving "I am" & "not" when it comes to a question - the "I am" simply has to be inverted to use first-person singular in the form of a question, so, you have to day "am I not"?
221
What is commandment/use #7 for the apostrophe?
This involves using "can't" without an apostrophe/contraction.
222
When writers are writing formally and they avoid "can't" what do they often write instead? How come?
Seldom, in formal writing is the word/form "cannot" used and instead writers automatically write the two-word "can not."
223
What is wrong with the two-word "can not"?
Nothing...the word is correct, but "can not" only appears as two words only when special emphasis is called for.
224
In order to write "can't without an apostrophe/ contraction and without placement of special emphasis with "can not"; how should "can't" be written?
In ordinary circumstances, without a contraction, can't should be written as: "cannot" - all one word.
225
These sentences exemplify what?
1. I cannot jump that high.
2. Perhaps you can jump that high, but I cannot.
3. Her father made it clear that she absolutely can not go to the party.
These sentences exemplify that "can't" in ordinary circumstances/without a contraction and "can't" in circumstances with special emphasis/without a contraction.
226
What is commandment/use #8 for the apostrophe?
This involves contraction/apostrophe errors involving possessive pronouns.
227
228
What is wrong with this sentence?
Your not going to sell your car, are you?
This is a situation where it is not supposed to be a possessive pronoun. Instead it's the contraction for you are:
You're not going to sell your car, are you?
229
What is wrong with this sentence?
Its in bad shape; its tires are shot, too.
This is a situation where it is supposed to be a contraction that is not possessive:
It's in bad shape; its tires are shot, too.
230
What is wrong with this sentence?
"Their supposed to buy their tickets over there."
The writer is confusing the contraction for "they are" with the possessive "their." This is the corrected sentence:
"They're supposed to buy their tickets over there."
231
What is wrong with this sentence?
"Whose going to ride in whose car?"
The contraction for "who is" has to be used and not the possessive "whose." This is the corrected sentence:
Who's going to ride in whose car?
232
Whenever you're tempted to write "it's" instead of "its," what do you need to remember?
You need to remember that "it's is a contraction for "it is."
233
If there is confusion to know whether you need "its" or "it's" what is a test that you can do?
You can substitute either form of the contraction with "it is." and if the substitution turns out to be nonsense, then you've chosen the wrong word.
234
Apply the substitution method to the following sentence:
The kitten licked its paws.
In the sentence above how do you know whether or not "it's" should be used instead after a substitution test.
After applying the substitution test with "it is," you will find that "its" is correct because the contraction "it's = it is": The kitten licked it is paws makes no sense.
235
What is commandment/use #9 for the apostrophe?
It involves the use of apostrophes in contractions, in which you must always know where the apostrophe goes.
236
When it comes to creating a contraction, where does the apostrophe always go?
The apostrophe always goes where the omission of the letter occurs.
237
Where is the omission of the letter occurring for the creation of a contraction involving "is not"?
Would this be incorrect?
"is'nt"
"is'nt" is incorrect because the apostrophe is not in the position where the omission of the "o" in not is occurring; so:
Correct: Isn't
wrong: Is'nt
238
What is commandment/use #10 for the apostrophe?
The apostrophe is used for omitted numerals in dates and for plurals of letters.
239
What are these two sentences an example of?
1. He owned a '25 Rolls Royce
2. He made two F's last semester.
These two sentences are examples of an apostrophe being used for omitted numerals in dates and for plurals of letters.
240
In what situation is the apostrophe no longer used?
The apostrophe is no longer used to indicate periods of time:
Instead of "the 1970's" it is now correct to say "the 1970s," which avoids the very awkward: the '70's."
241
What are the two main instances in which quotation marks are used?
1. They're used to enclose words and phrases to which special attention needs to be drawn
2. Quotation marks are used for titles.
242
To ensure readers are drawn to certain words and phrases involves using quotes in only these four circumstances:
243
What is this sentence an example of:
"Of" is an ambiguous preposition, for it can mean "from" or "by."
How are the words in quotations being used?
The sentence is an example of quotes being used in the first circumstance; in which a word is used out of context.
The prepositions that are quoted are being used as nouns, which is only allowable if we put them in quotation marks.
244
What is this sentence an example of:
Yeah, it was a "happy" occasion, all right- if you like being humiliated in public!
What does the sentence involve and why is "happy" quoted.
The above involves using quotes to make sarcasm obvious.
Sarcasm in the sentence is involved, in which the exact opposite of what is said is occurring and so "happy" is in quotations because you want to be sure the reader catches the irony.
245
What is this sentence an example of:
He really is quite a "square" fellow.
It's an example of using quotes to insert a slang word in formal writing.
246
What are the five ways in which quotation marks are used when it comes to titles?
1. short artistic works (poems, songs, television, and radio.)
2. Titles of individual courses of study (but not areas)
3. Short stories.
4. Articles in magazines.
5. Any literary piece that is not bound in a book.
247
What is this an example of?
Beethoven's "Moonlight Sonata" is his best. Robinson's sonnet "Richard Cory" is one of the best ever to come out of America.
It is an example of quotes being uses for a short artistic work.
248
What is this an example of?
I enrolled in P.E. 17, "Social Dancing."
It involves using quotes for the title of individual courses.
249
What is this an example of?
Poe's best story, I think is "The Man of the Crowd."
This involves using quotes to reference a short story.
250
What is this an example of?
His third chapter is strangely titled "The Sink in the sky."
This involves using quotes to reference articles in a magazine.
251
How are parentheses a great deal like dashes?
Parentheses are a great deal like dashes in that both introduce material indirectly related to the rest of the sentence.
252
How are dashes not like parentheses?
The dash is more of a stylistic choice, which is to say that its use is strictly up to the writer.
253
What are two reasons for why the dash is used?
The dash can be used to create emphasis and to indicate an abrupt break in thought.
254
What is this sentence an example of?
But I thought--you told me yesterday, I'm sure--that you had paid this bill.
It is an example of the dash being used to create emphasis and indicate an abrupt break in thought.
255
What is the one and only function of the parentheses?
To present brief and explanatory info. to the reader.
256
What do writers often use interchangeably?
Sometimes writers use dashes and parentheses interchangeably, but they are not quite the same.
257
What is this sentence an example of?
You will recall that in our discussion of case (Chapter Nine) we said that German uses it more extensively than English does.
It is an example of the parentheses being used to provide brief and explanatory information.
258
How come a dash wouldn't be appropriate in place of the parentheses in the following sentence?
You will recall that in our discussion of case (Chapter Nine) we said that German uses it more extensively than English does.
It would not be appropriate in such a sentence since the dash would be too disruptive and force undue attention to the added information.
259
When it comes to paying attention to where parentheses are placed, in conjunction with other punctuation, what is the first guideline?
260
When it comes to paying attention to where parentheses are placed, in conjunction with other punctuation, what is the second guideline?
261
When it comes to paying attention to where parentheses are placed, in conjunction with other punctuation, what is the third guideline?
262
When it comes to paying attention to where parentheses are placed, in conjunction with other punctuation, what is the fourth guideline?
263
When it comes to paying attention to where parentheses are placed, in conjunction with other punctuation, what is the fifth guideline?
264
When it comes to paying attention to where parentheses are placed, in conjunction with other punctuation, what is the sixth guideline?
265
When it comes to paying attention to where parentheses are placed, in conjunction with other punctuation, what is the seventh guideline?
Parentheses may include only a punctuation mark.
266
Why is the following sentence incorrect, and how can it be corrected?
Although the bust was late, (as usual) I made it to work on time.
The parentheses violates the first guideline, which requires a comma needing to coincide with a parenthetical element.
Correct: Although the bus was late (as usual), I made it to work on time.
267
When it comes to using parentheses what is the following sentence showing:
You will see that the plunger is now in place (Fig. v 1-4). Now...
The sentence is following the second guideline about parentheses:
If a parenthetical element falls at the end of a sentence, you should place the period (or other terminal punctuation) after it.
268
When it comes to using parentheses what is the following sentence showing:
Some blame technology (which they often mistakenly call "science") for this problem.
This is an instance in which the parenthetical element is fragmentary (which often the use of parentheses). According to guideline #3, the parenthetical element will not be a complete sentence.
269
When it comes to using parentheses what is the following sentence showing:
The verb indicates by its spelling when and by whom an action takes place. (Remember, verbs frequently involve more than one word.)
The sentence is showing guideline #4. This is where the parenthetical element is a complete sentence and therefore it is able to fall within the structure of another sentence or between sentences.
270
When it comes to using parentheses what is the following sentence exemplifying?
The verb indicates by its spelling (remember, verbs frequently involve more than one word) when and by whom an action takes place.
The sentence is exemplifying the use of the parenthetical in which even when falling within the independent clause structure of a sentence (even at the end), the parenthetical should never begin with a capital letter.
271
When it comes to question marks and exclamation points, what are the two ways in which these can be punctuated?
Question marks and exclamation points can be used as internal as well as terminal punctuation.
272
What are these two sentences an example of?
They're both example of guideline #6 about parentheses:
Because question marks and exclamation points can be used as internal as well as terminal punctuation, they can be used in a parenthetical element within a sentence, if the meaning calls for one or the other.
273
What are these two sentences an example of?
These sentences involve guideline #7 about parentheses, in which parentheses can contain either an internal question mark or an internal exclamation mark.
274
Brackets are exclusively used to do what?
Brackets are exclusively used to quote yourself within someone else's quotation.
275
Why would material be placed in brackets?
To make a quotation clear you will need to sometimes supply omitted material that is enclosed in brackets.
276
What is the following sentence an example of?
This is an example of showing the omitted material that is enclosed in brackets.
277
Regarding the quote, why is it important that "NASA" appear in brackets?
When you are quoting someone, you want to quote them exactly. "The general," in the sentence did not actually say "NASA," but if you don't provide that info. your reader will not understand the quote.
278
When it comes to quotes, what do brackets enable writers to do?
Brackets give you a way to add needed info. without corrupting the original quote.
279
What are the five general cases of capitalization?
280
What are the three special cases of capitalization?
281
What are the six instances in which the choice to capitalize ends up being a grammar issue?
1. There is NO capitalization with a general direction (north, south, east west).
2. When a possessive pronoun is combined with a familial name (mother, father, grandfather, uncle, aunt, ext.) then that familial name is NOT capitalized.
3. The common noun or the general and specific name of things is NOT capitalized.
4. The reference to a general area of study is a common noun and is NOT capitalized.
5. The descriptor/role associated with a job title is NOT capitalized.
6. The names of seasons and colors are NEVER capitalized.
282
What are the six instances in which the choice to NOT capitalize ends up being a grammar issue?
1. The names of cultural of geographic regions ARE capitalized.
2.Words that designate family relationships ARE capitalized if a possessive pronoun is absent.
3. The common noun being used as part of a specific name of something becomes part of a proper noun ARE capitalized.
4. The common noun when paired with a specific area of study - which is a proper noun IS capitalized.
5. The sole distinguished job/work title IS capitalized.
8. Titles of written works: Capitalize the first word, important words, and proper nouns in titles.
283
What is the following a sentence an example of when it comes to capitalization?
284
Since "West" in the following sentence refers to culture, what happens?
"West" takes on capitalization.
285
What is the following sentence an example of when it comes to the non-capitalization of a word?
"We drove west for nearly six hours, yet we were still in Texas."
Why doesn't "west" get a capitalization?
It is an example of a direction toward a geographical region which is not capitalized.
The sentence only refers to a point on a compass.
286
What should be noted about these two sentences?
287
What are the instances in which family relationships are capitalized?
Family relationships are capitalized only if they are not preceded by a possessive pronoun.
288
How come the capitalization of "mother" is occurring in the following sentence?
Do you know that Mother also makes an excellent mayonnaise cake?
Why does capitalization occur with that "Mother"?
"Mother" is capitalized because when there is NO possessive pronoun family relationships become capitalized.
Mother is now the name of a specific person - a proper noun requiring capitalization.
289
How come "mother" is not capitalized in the following sentence?
It is a delight to watch my mother make a chocolate cake.
The possessive pronoun "my" makes "mother" a common noun, which does not require capitalization.
290
The following examples expresses what especially when it comes non-capitalization?
She took two aspirin tablets to treat the pain of her disease.
The sentence expresses an instance in which a general or specific name of things is not capitalized, making it a common noun.
291
The following example expresses what especially when it comes capitalization?
She took two Bayer Aspirin tablets to treat the pain of her Parkinson's disease.
The sentence expresses that when a common noun is being used as part of a specific name of something, it becomes part of a proper noun & must be capitalized.
292
The following example expresses what, especially when it comes non-capitalization?
Though, I had studied psychology (general term) for two full years...
It expresses that there is no capitalization when it comes to a general area of study because "psychology" is a common noun/general term.
293
The following example expresses what, especially when it comes to capitalization?
Though I had studied psychology for two full years, I still enrolled in Psychology 407 (specific term).
The sentences expresses the need to capitalize a common noun when paired with a specific area of study - which is a proper noun.
294
The following example expresses what, especially when it comes to non-capitalization?
Mr. Anderson, you know, was once the mayor of Smithville.
It expresses that the descriptor/role associated with a job/work title which is not capitalized.
295
The following example expresses what, especially when it comes to capitalization?
Mr. Anderson, as you know, was once the mayor of Smithville. And believe me, Mayor Anderson was excellent at his work.
It expresses that capitalization occurs with Mayor Anderson because the sole/ distinguished work title belongs to Anderson. "Anderson"
296
Why is "mayor of Smithville" being regarded as a function only common noun?
Mr. Anderson, you know, was once the mayor of Smithville.
Because there are many people who have previously filled that role/function, it must be regarded as a common noun and should not be capitalized.
297
Why is "Mayor Anderson" being regarded as a proper noun?
Mr. Anderson, as you know, was once the mayor of Smithville. And believe me, Mayor Anderson was excellent at his work.
"Mayor Anderson" is an official title and must be capitalized.
298
The following is an example of what?
1. summer, winter, spring, and autumn.
2. red, yellow, lilac, beige
They're examples of seasons and colors which are never capitalized.
299
When it comes to titles what are the words that are usually deemed unimportant to be titled?
Words such as "the," "a," and "and." are deemed unimportant to be capitalized.
300
In the following titles what should and should not be capitalized?
1. a study of our new time efficiency program
2. a report on the use of fluorocarbons in aerosol cans
3. gone with the wind
4. future shock
1. A Study of our New Time Efficiency Program
2. A report on the Use of Fluorocarbons in Aerosol Cans
3. Gone with the Wind
4. Future Shock
