Online Quiz Questions Ch. 24 and 25 Flashcards
(269 cards)
1
Q
Technically, the term gastrointestinal (GI) tract refers to the…
A
stomach, small intestine and large intestine.
2
Q
The muscular contractions, which move material through most of the digestive tract, are called…
A
peristalsis.
3
Q
The nervous system or systems that can control peristalsis in the inferior esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine is (are) the…
A
sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems.
4
Q
Stimulation by the sympathetic nervous system will cause which one of the following effects in the inferior esophagus, stomach, small intestine and large intestine?
A
decreases peristalsis by inhibition of smooth muscle
5
Q
Contractions that mix material in the small intestine are called…
A
segmental contractions.
6
Q
The secretions that lubricate the food so it moves easily through the digestive tract and also protects the epithelium are called
A
mucus.
7
Q
Which one of the following is absorbed in the GI tract without being digested?
A
vitamins
8
Q
The epithelium of the mouth, oropharynx, esophagus and anal canal is…
A
stratified squamous.
9
Q
The stomach, small intestine and large intestine are lined by this epithelium:
A
simple columnar
10
Q
The tunica muscularis in the superior esophagus is made up of ___________ muscle.
A
skeletal
11
Q
Contractions of the smooth muscles in the tunica muscularis in the GI tract causes ___________ and is stimulated by ____________ plexus.
A
peristalsis, myenteric
12
Q
The lamina propria and muscularis mucosa are found in the tunica
A
mucosa.
13
Q
The outer tunic of the esophagus grades into the surrounding connective tissue and is called the tunica
A
adventitia.
14
Q
The outer layer of the GI tract is composed of connective tissue and a simple squamous epithelium. This tunic is called the tunica ______________ and the simple squamous epithelium is called the ______________.
A
serosa, visceral peritoneum
15
Q
The enteric plexus in the tunica submucosa is called the _____________ plexus.
A
submucosal
16
Q
Stimulation of the parasympathetic neurons in the GI tract from the myenteric plexus will cause
A
stimulation of peristalsis
17
Q
Branches of which autonomic nerve carry the parasympathetic motor neurons to the enteric plexi?
A
vagus
18
Q
Which of the following is FALSE about the enteric nervous system?
A
A) It works through local control.
B) It consists of enteric sensory and motor neurons.
C) Enteric interneurons connect sensory and motor neurons together.
D) The enteric neurons are incapable of controlling digestive tract functions without the central nervous system (CNS).
D!! The enteric neurons can work independently, but normally work with the CNS.
19
Q
Which of the following cranial nerves carries sensation from the digestive tract to the CNS?
A
vagus
20
Q
Organs that lie outside the abdominal cavity such as the duodenum, pancreas, urinary bladder and rectum are
A
retroperitoneal.
21
Q
Which one of the connective tissue sheets listed below consists of two layers of serous membranes with a thin layer of connective tissue between them and attaches to the small intestine?
A
mesentery proper
22
Q
If you place a pin through the greater omentum, through how many layers of simple squamous epithelium would the pin pass?
A
2
23
Q
Accumulation of excess fluid in the peritoneal cavity is called
A
ascites.
24
Q
The coronary ligament attaches the
A
liver to the diaphragm.
25
Which of the following structures forms a cavity or pocket between the greater and lesser omentum?
omental bursa
26
Which of the following ligaments attaches the liver to the anterior abdominal wall?
falciform ligament
27
Which of the following structures would be considered retropertitoneal?
pancreas
28
The fauces refer to the
opening into the oropharynx.
29
The oral cavity and oropharynx are lined by _______________ epithelium.
stratified squamous
30
The lips are lined by _____________ epithelium.
dry stratified squamous
31
The projection from the posterior edge of the soft palate that elevates to help close off the nasopharynx when swallowing is called the
uvula.
32
Which of the following are (is) not located in the oral cavity?
A) labial frenula
B) uvula
C) palatine tonsils
D) pharyngeal constrictors
D!!!
33
Which one of the following is most easily absorbed in the oral cavity?
nitroglycerin
34
Out of a normal adult's 32 teeth, how many are molars?
12
35
Humans normally have 20 deciduous or "baby" teeth and adults 32 permanent teeth. The 12 additional teeth in humans represent
premolars and molars.
36
The most common cause of tooth loss in adults is
periodontal disease.
37
The mastication reflex originates in the _______________ and the ability to initiate or stop chewing originates in the _______________.
medulla oblongata; cerebrum.
38
Which region of a tooth contain living cells?
dentin
39
The center of the tooth that is filled with blood vessels and nerves is called the _____________ and the cavity within the root of the tooth is called the ________________.
pulp cavity; root canal
40
In a given tooth, the dentin is located ______________ to the enamel.
inferior
41
Mumps is inflammation of the _______________ salivary gland caused by a virus.
parotid
42
The salivary gland that produces primarily mucus is the _____________ salivary gland.
sublingual
43
Salivary glands structurally are
compound acinar glands.
44
The salivary gland which is mixed but produces more serous than mucous secretions and whose duct opens inferiorly in the floor of the oral cavity next to the frenulum of the tongue is the ______________ salivary gland.
submandibular
45
If you suck on a plain piece of bread, it will begin to taste sweet after a few moments. Saliva contains the digestive enzyme ________________, which breaks down starch into ________________.
amylase, maltose
46
Saliva decreases gingivitis and caries because it contains immunoglobulin A and
lysozymes.
47
Salivary secretion is stimulated by
the salivary nuclei in the brainstem.
48
Which part(s) of the pharynx normally conduct food?
oropharynx and laryngopharynx
49
The esophagus pierces through an opening in the diaphragm called the
hiatus.
50
The esophagus is different from the GI tract because the esophagus has
skeletal muscles at the superior end and smooth muscles at the inferior end.
51
A major secretion of the esophagus is
mucus.
52
Which one of the following does not occur during swallowing?
The uvula and soft palate move inferiorly to block the oropharynx.
53
The pharyngeal phase of swallowing is ___________, which is controlled by __________ muscle.
involuntary; skeletal
54
Sometimes when you are talking and eating you initiate the gagging reflex. The gagging or coughing reflex is stimulated when foreign material enters the larynx. Some of the bolus you are swallowing enters the larynx when you are talking because the
epiglottis is not closed over the glottis.
55
The region of the stomach around the opening from the esophagus is called the ___________ region.
cardiac
56
The lower esophageal sphincter prevents chyme from moving into the _____________.
esophagus
57
The stomach is unique to the GI tract because it contains
oblique smooth muscle.
58
The tunica submucosa and mucosa of the stomach are thrown into large folds called
rugae.
59
Which one of the following cells in the gastric glands produce pepsinogen?
chief cells
60
Surface area of the stomach is increased by the presence of
gastric pits.
61
The major food digested by gastric secretions is
protein
62
The hydrogen ions that form hydrochloric acid of the stomach come from
carbonic acid.
63
The low pH of the stomach activates enzymes that digest _____________ while inactivating enzymes that digest ______________.
proteins; starch
64
The parietal cells in the gastric glands of the pyloric region produce _____________ that bonds with Vitamin _______ to make it more readily absorbed in the ileum.
intrinsic factor; B12
65
The stomach produces acids, which denature protein, and pepsin that digests protein. The proteins in the membranes of epithelial cells are not denatured or digested because
mucus coats the epithelium
66
The painful or burning sensation in the chest usually associated with acid reflux in the esophagus is called
heart burn.
67
One of your family members has developed peptic ulcers and is consulting you for advice. You can tell your family member that there may be a chance of permanently curing this ulcer by
taking antibiotics that destroy Helicobacter pylori.
68
Parasympathetic stimulation causes endocrine cells in the stomach to release the hormone
gastrin.
69
Histamine stimulates the ________________ cells to release ______________.
parietal; HCl
70
In the regulation of stomach secretions, distension of the stomach activates local reflexes and a parasympathetic reflex. This is called the _____________ phase.
gastric
71
Cells in the duodenum monitor chyme coming from the stomach that has a pH of 1. You would expect the duodenal cells to
release secretin, which inhibits gastric secretions.
72
The stomach contractions, which move the chyme from near the periphery of the stomach toward the pyloric sphincter, are called
peristaltic waves.
73
You take a deep breath; you raise your larynx and hyoid bone; your epiglottis closes off the larynx; the soft palate closes off the nasopharynx; the diaphragm and abdominal muscles contract and the lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. What has just happened?
Irritation in the GI tract caused the vomiting reflex.
74
Which one of the following parts of the GI tract has the following characteristics: simple columnar epithelium, muscularis mucosa, Meissner's plexus, two layers of smooth muscle in the tunica muscularis and Peyer's patches of lymph nodules?
ileum
75
The small intestine contains fingerlike projections called ____________, whose function is to ___________.
villi; increase surface area
76
Each day about 9 liters of water enter the gastrointestinal tract. By the time the contents leave the large intestine as feces, about ______% of water is reabsorbed.
99
77
Brunner's glands produce __________ and are found in the _____________.
mucus; duodenum
78
The pancreas and liver release their secretions into the
duodenum.
79
In the tunica mucosa and submucosa of the small intestine, a series of folds called the ____________ functions to __________________.
plicae circulares (circular folds); increase surface area
80
Which cells in the small intestine may help protect the intestinal epithelium from bacteria?
granular cells
81
You have a situation where the hepatopancreatic ampullar sphincter or sphincter of Oddi will not relax. You would expect
the feces to contain a much higher percentage of fat than normal.
82
The lymphatic capillaries in the villi of the small intestine are called
lacteals.
83
The longest region of the small intestine is the
ileum.
84
You were able to collect the chyme from the small intestine and isolate the various enzymes. Most of the enzymes would have been produced by the
pancreas.
85
In the small intestine, movement of chyme is regulated primarily by
local and mechanical stimulation.
86
The hepatic sinusoids receive oxygenated and unoxygenated blood. The blood vessels that provide mixed blood to the sinusoids are the
hepatic artery and hepatic portal vein.
87
You are tracing a drop of blood from the blood capillary network in the small intestine to the inferior vena cava. The pathway is
hepatic portal vein > sinusoid > central vein > hepatic vein > inferior vena cava.
88
Bacteria and other foreign material absorbed by the small intestine are destroyed by ___________ cells found lining the hepatic sinusoids.
Kupffer
89
Hepatocytes or hepatic cells produce bile, which is secreted into the
bile canaliculi.
90
Which one of the following is the correct pathway of bile from the hepatocytes to the gallbladder?
bile canaliculus > hepatic duct > common hepatic duct > cystic duct > gallbladder.
91
One of the major functions of bile salts is to
emulsify fat to fatty droplets.
92
An individual has the following symptoms: jaundice, pale in color, liver with a buildup of connective tissue. This individual most likely has
cirrhosis.
93
Which one of the following substance or substances are not stored in the liver.
calcium
94
Bile secretion is stimulated by the hormone ______________ in response to ______________.
secretin; low pH of the chyme
95
Which one of the following functions best describes the effects of the hormone cholecystokinin?
inhibits gastric secretions, stimulates pancreatic secretions (high in enzymes), stimulates contraction of the gall bladder and relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi
96
The liver combines a toxic by-product of amino acid metabolism, ammonia, with another waste product, carbon dioxide, to form the water-soluble _______________, which is excreted in the kidneys.
urea
97
The gallbladder contracts in response to
cholecystokinin and vagal stimulation.
98
Gall stones result from the precipitation of _____________ in the gallbladder.
cholesterol
99
The pancreatic islets produce
insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin.
100
The pancreatic juice, produced by acinar cells, is secreted into the
duodenum
101
The major part of the aqueous component (other than water) of pancreatic juice is
bicarbonate ions.
102
Trypsinogen when activated by ___________ will break down proteins in the ___________.
enterokinase; small intestine
103
Which one of the following enzymes is not part of the enzymatic component of the pancreatic juice within the hepatopancreatic ampulla?
chymotrypsin
104
The aqueous component of pancreatic juice is produced by the
intercalated duct.
105
In the production of the aqueous component of pancreatic juice, _________ ions are actively transported into the intercalated duct and sodium ions are exchanged for _________ ions.
bicarbonate; hydrogen
106
Secretion of the enzymatic component of pancreatic juice is primarily stimulated by the hormone
cholecystokinin.
107
This region of the large intestine has a simple columnar epithelium in its tunica mucosa, smooth muscle in its tunica muscularis, and omental appendages attach to its outer surface. This region is called the
colon.
108
In the colon, the teniae coli are bands of __________, which contract to form ___________.
longitudinal smooth muscle; haustra
109
This blind tube is about 9 cm long, is filled with lymph nodules and attaches to the cecum. This blind tube is called the
vermiform appendix.
110
You have the following symptoms: sudden abdominal pain, slight fever, loss of appetite, and nausea. You may have
appendicitis.
111
Stimulation by the parasympathetic nervous system will cause the __________ anal sphincter to _____________.
internal; relax
112
The major secretory product of the colon is
mucus.
113
Most of the enzymes produced in the large intestine and the formation of Vitamin K occurs in
bacteria.
114
These contractions occur 3 to 4 times a day and involve large parts of the transverse and descending colon. These contractions are called
mass movements.
115
Stimulation of the internal anal sphincters by the sympathetic nervous system or stimulation of the external anal sphincter by the somatic motor nervous system would
inhibit the defecation reflex.
116
Starch is broken down to its disaccharide, maltose, by the enzyme
amylase.
117
Disaccharides like sucrose, lactose, and maltose are digested primarily in the
brush border of the small intestine.
118
After eating or drinking dairy products like cheese and milk, you have intestinal cramps, bloating and diarrhea. You most likely have
lactose intolerance.
119
Glucose and galactose in the small intestine are taken into the epithelial cell by __________ and passed into the interstitial fluid by ___________.
cotransport with sodium; facilitated diffusion
120
Lipids are emulsified by ____________ and digested by ______________.
bile salts; lipase
121
The majority of lipase is produced by the
pancreas.
122
The lipids that can be absorbed across the epithelial wall of the small intestine are hydrophobic and would have a difficult time in the watery lumen to come in contact with the epithelial membrane. These lipids are able to move easily in the watery lumen because of interaction with
bile salts.
123
Once absorbed into the epithelial cell of the small intestine, free fatty acids and glycerol are recombined and a protein coat is added to form a
chylomicron.
124
Once chylomicrons leave the simple columnar epithelium of the small intestine, they diffuse into
lacteals.
125
A lipoprotein has the following components: 5% tryglyceride, 20% cholesterol, 30% phospholipid, and 45% protein. This molecule would be best described as a
high-density lipoprotein.
126
Cholesterol that is required to produce steroids and bile salts is carried in
low-density lipoproteins (LDL).
127
Cholesterol is a major component of atherosclerotic plaque. Cholesterol carried by ___________ is linked to coronary heart disease.
low-density lipoprotein (LDL)
128
Most of the protein digesting enzymes are produced by the
stomach and pancreas.
129
The optimum pH for trypsin and chymotrypsin is about
7-9.
130
Calcium is actively absorbed by the small intestine and this is accelerated by
Vitamin D.
131
Probably the main reason why elderly people take antacids, H2 antagonists and proton pump inhibitors is because of the increase in _____________ with age.
gastroesophageal reflux disorder
132
The thick connective tissue layer of the digestive tract that contains blood vessels, small glands, and a nerve plexus is the
submucosa layer.
133
The enteric nervous system is associated with the
parasympathetic division of the ANS.
134
Except in the upper esophagus and stomach, the muscularis layer of the digestive tract consists of
two layers of smooth muscle.
135
The mesentery that connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon and posterior body wall is the
greater omentum
136
All of these are retroperitoneal organs EXCEPT the
```
A) duodenum.
B) kidneys.
C) rectum.
D) stomach.
E) urinary bladder.
```
D!!
137
The muscles responsible for protruding and retracting the tongue, moving it from side to side and changing its shape are the
extrinsic tongue muscles.
138
The lingual frenulum is part of the
tongue.
139
Adults normally have __________ permanent teeth; children have __________ deciduous teeth.
32,20
140
The center of the tooth, which is filled with blood vessels, nerves, and connective tissue, is called the
pulp
141
The largest pair of salivary glands, which produce mostly watery saliva, are the
parotid glands.
142
Saliva
contains lysozyme, which has a weak antibacterial action.
143
Successive contraction of constrictor muscles occurs and the epiglottis covers the opening in the larynx. This describes
the pharyngeal phase of swallowing.
144
Parietal cells in the lining of the stomach secrete
HCl and intrinsic factor.
145
Large mucosal folds formed when the stomach is empty are called
rugae.
146
The liver, gallbladder, and pancreas are connected to ducts that enter the
duodenum.
147
Folds formed from the mucosa and submucosa that are perpendicular to the long axis of the duodenum are called
plicae circulares.
148
Besides capillaries, villi also contain lymphatic vessels called
lacteals.
149
```
Given these sphincters:
1. external anal sphincter
2. ileocecal sphincter
3. lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter
4. pyloric sphincter
Arrange them in the order in which food passes through them.
```
3,4,2,1
150
Which of these cells is correctly matched with its function?
A) absorptive cells-produce digestive enzymes
B) endocrine cells-produce regulatory hormones
C) goblet cells-produce protective mucus
D) duodenal glands-produce protective mucus
E) all of these are correct
E!!!
151
The major duodenal papilla is
the opening of the hepatopancreatic ampulla in the duodenum.
152
Arrange these parts of the small intestine in order from largest number of villi and circular folds to smallest number of villi and circular folds.
1. duodenum
2. ileum
3. jejunum
1,3,2
153
The most nutrient absorption takes place in the
duodenum and jejunum.
154
All of these are functions of the liver EXCEPT:
```
A) biotransformation of molecules.
B) production of digestive enzymes.
C) storage of glycogen, fat, vitamins, and iron.
D) synthesis of bile.
E) synthesis of blood components.
```
B!!
155
In the liver, blood from the __________ and the hepatic artery flow into the hepatic sinusoids and become mixed.
hepatic portal vein
156
The acini of the pancreas produce
digestive enzymes.
157
```
Given these structures:
1. cecum
2. descending colon
3. rectum
4. sigmoid colon
5. transverse colon
Choose the arrangement that lists the structures in the order food passes through them from the small intestine to the anus.
```
1,5,2,4,3
158
Bands of longitudinal smooth muscle that run the length of the colon are called
teniae coli.
159
The mucosal lining of the large intestine contains predominantly
goblet cells.
160
The greatest amount of stomach secretion takes place during the
gastric phase
161
Gastrin secretion is stimulated by
distension of the stomach.
162
The "pyloric pump" describes
chyme moving from the stomach into the small intestine.
163
Which of these conditions causes inhibition of gastric secretion?
```
A) hypotonic or hypertonic solution in the duodenum
B) distention of the duodenal wall
C) pH less than 2 in the duodenum
D) fats in the duodenum
E) all of these
```
E!!!
164
Which of these inhibits secretion and motility of the stomach?
enterogastric reflex
165
Duodenal gland secretion is stimulated by
chemical (acid) or tactile stimulation of the duodenal mucosa.
166
The __________ secretes peptidases and disaccharidases, whereas the __________ secretes trypsin, chymotrypsin, amylase, lipase, and nucleases.
small intestine, pancreas
167
All of these are enzymes that digest protein EXCEPT
```
A) lipase.
B) carboxypeptidase.
C) chymotrypsin.
D) pepsin.
E) trypsin.
```
A!!
168
Which of these hormones causes contraction of the gall bladder?
cholecystokinin
169
All of these occur in the large intestine EXCEPT:
```
A) large numbers of bacteria utilize undigested food.
B) fatty acids are absorbed.
C) vitamin K is produced.
D) sodium and water are absorbed.
E) mucus is produced.
```
B!!
170
Arrange these events in the order in which they occur during fat digestion, absorption, and transport:
1. chylomicrons enter lacteals
2. triglycerides, phospholipids and cholesterol coated with protein
3. fatty acids and glycerol packaged into micelles
4. bile salts emulsify fats
5. lipase digests fat
4,5,3,2,1
171
A major transport lipoprotein that has 92% lipid and 8% protein is a(n)
VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein).
172
Which one of the following would not be a nutrient?
cellulose
173
Most vitamins, minerals, and water all have this in common:
They cannot be manufactured by the body.
174
When the body metabolizes nutrients for energy, fats yield about _______ times the energy as carbohydrates or proteins.
2
175
A calorie is the amount of energy necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of _________ one degree __________.
water, Centigrade
176
One piece of apple pie would yield about
345,000 cal.
177
The disaccharide that most people think of as table sugar is
sucrose.
178
When lactose is digested, it yields two monosaccharides called
glucose and galactose.
179
The complex carbohydrate (polysaccharide) that we can digest to the monosaccharide, glucose, and is found in vegetables, fruits, and grains and is called
starch.
180
If excess glucose is present in the body, the glucose first will be stored as __________ in muscle and the liver.
glycogen
181
Triglycerides that contain one or more double covalent bonds between carbon atoms of their fatty acids are called
unsaturated fats.
182
Bubbling hydrogen gas through polyunsaturated vegetable oil will cause the oil to become more
saturated and more solid.
183
The lipid that is a component of the plasma membrane and can be used to form bile salts and steroid hormones is
cholesterol.
184
The American Heart Association recommends that saturated fats should contribute no more than 10% of total fat intake. Excess fats, especially cholesterol and saturated fat, can increase the risk of
cardiovascular disease and colon cancer.
185
The proteins in the body are composed of _________ amino acids; _________ of these amino acids are termed essential amino acids.
20; 9
186
A toxic waste product of protein metabolism that must be excreted from the body is
ammonia.
187
The daily-recommended consumption amount of protein for a healthy adult is about _____% of total kilocalorie intake per day.
10
188
Organic molecules found in minute quantities in food but that are essential to normal metabolism are called
vitamins.
189
Which vitamin remains in the body for only a short time before being excreted
Vitamin C
190
One of the reported benefits of taking Vitamin C and Vitamin E is that they
block the effect of free radicals.
191
Inorganic nutrients that are necessary for normal metabolism are called
minerals.
192
The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is specifically called
anabolism.
193
The energy currency of the cell is
ATP
194
When a molecule loses an electron, that molecule is said to be ___________ and often a(n) _____________ ion is lost along with the electron.
oxidized; hydrogen
195
Which of the following terms is the total of all the breakdown processes in the body?
catabolism
196
When a hydrogen ion and an associated electron are lost from a nutrient molecule, which of the following happens?
A) The molecule gains energy.
B) The molecule loses energy.
C) The molecule becomes oxidized.
D) Both B and C.
D!!
197
How many ATP's are generated from glucose in the absence of oxygen?
2
198
In anaerobic respiration, lactic acid is released into the blood from skeletal muscle. When oxygen is available, most of the lactic acid is converted back to pyruvic acid and glucose in the
liver.
199
In the human skeletal muscle and brain cells, the energy yield per molecule of glucose in aerobic respiration is ________ times higher than the energy yield in anaerobic respiration.
4
200
In the liver, kidney, and heart cells, the total number of ATP molecules that can be generated per glucose in aerobic respiration is
38
201
The role of oxygen in aerobic respiration is to
combine with free electrons and hydrogen ions from the electron transport system.
202
n the electron transport chain, the hydrogen ions enter the inner compartment of mitochondria through special channels formed by
ATP synthase
203
Which of the following is true concerning glycolysis?
A net of 2 molecules of ATP are produced.
204
Which of the following processes converts lactic acid to glucose?
Cori cycle
205
In beta oxidation, free fatty acids are converted to
acetyl-CoA.
206
In the liver, when large amounts of acetyl-CoA are produced, some of the acetyl-CoA is used to form
ketone bodies.
207
In transamination, an amine group is transferred to ____________ to form a nonessential amino acid.
keto acid
208
In oxidative deamination, an amine group is removed from an amino acid (usually glutamic acid) leaving ammonia and a keto acid. In this process ____________ is formed, which can enter the electron transport chain.
NADH
209
Amino acids can be used for energy by converting them into various intermediate molecules of carbohydrate metabolism. Which intermediate molecule cannot be directly formed from an amino acid?
glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
210
People on strict diets or that have Type I Diabetes may check their urine periodically for ketones. Excessive production of ketones in the urine may indicate excessive
lipid metabolism.
211
Which of the following processes is involved in using proteins as a source of energy?
oxidative deamination
212
Which of the following substances are NOT stored in the body?
amino acids
213
Excess glucose after a meal will first form glycogen in a process called
glycogenesis.
214
Once glycogen stores are filled, glucose and amino acids are used to synthesize
lipids
215
When liver glycogen levels are inadequate to supply glucose, especially to the brain, amino acids and glycerol are used to produce ___________ in a process called _______________.
glucose; gluconeogenesis
216
Which of these does not occur for about four hours after a meal?
Glycerol is converted to glucose, fatty acids are converted to acetyl-CoA, and acetyl-CoA is used to produce ketone bodies.
217
Which one of the following would not be a characteristic of the postabsorptive state which occurs late in the morning, late in the afternoon or early in the morning before breakfast?
Amino acids are used to synthesize proteins.
218
Which of the following processes describes the formation of glycogen from excess glucose in the blood?
glycogenesis
219
Which of the following substances is produced in limited quantities in glycolysis as a result of the metabolism of excessive amounts of alcohol (ethanol)?
NADH
220
Which of the following processes is involved in converting amino acids into glucose?
gluconeogenesis
221
Which of the following metabolic states describes the first 4 hours after eating a meal?
absorptive state
222
After glycogen has been used up in the postabsorptive state, which of the following is usually used as the next source of energy?
lipids
223
Two people who have the same weight and age are taking in the same kilocalories per day. Both people are doing the same exercise activities, but one person is gaining weight while the other is losing weight. This unfair situation can be explained because
the person gaining weight has more fat in the diet.
224
Basal metabolic rate (BMR) is the energy needed to keep the resting body functional. This BMR accounts for about _____% of the energy expended during the day.
60
225
People shiver when cold because
about 60% of the total energy released by catabolism generates heat.
226
Which of the following would be a use for metabolic energy?
A) thermic effect of food
B) basal metabolism
C) muscular activity
D) all of the above
D!!
227
Which of the following persons would mostly likely have a decreased BMR?
a starving person
228
Which of the following is the usual amount of energy given off as heat during the burning of food?
60%
229
Which of the following conditions would produce malignant hyperthermia?
general anesthesia
230
Essential nutrients
must be ingested.
231
Each gram of carbohydrate or protein metabolized by the body releases about __________ kcal of energy, whereas each gram of fat metabolized by the body releases about __________ kcal.
4,9
232
Which of these carbohydrates is NOT digestible and provides fiber, or "roughage" in humans?
cellulose
233
All of these carbohydrates come from plants EXCEPT:
lactose
234
Complex carbohydrates
A) include glycogen, cellulose, and starch.
B) consist of many glucose molecules bound together in long chains.
C) can be energy storage molecules.
D) are polysaccharides.
E) all of these
E!!!
235
The brain relies almost entirely on __________ for energy production.
glucose
236
For long-term storage, glucose is converted to __________, while for short-term storage, glucose is converted to ___________.
fat, glycogen
237
All other monosaccharides absorbed into the blood are converted into __________ in the liver.
glucose
238
Skeletal muscle cells derive most of their energy from
triglycerides.
239
Which of these carbohydrates is a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules?
maltose
240
Fish, safflower oil, sunflower oil, and corn oil are sources of
polyunsaturated fat.
241
All of these foods contain cholesterol EXCEPT
coconut oil
242
Cholesterol
```
A) is manufactured in the liver.
B) is a component of the cell membrane.
C) can be modified to form bile salts.
D) can be modified to form steroid hormones.
E) all of these
```
E!!
243
Which of these statements concerning essential fatty acids is correct?
Linoleic acid and alpha-linolenic acid are two fatty acids that must be ingested.
244
There are __________ amino acids in proteins, and __________ are considered to be essential amino acids.
20,9
245
All of these are examples of proteins in the body EXCEPT
lecithin.
246
Which vitamin is necessary for blood clotting?
Vitamin K
247
Vitamins
can be manufactured in the body from provitamins.
248
The two vitamins necessary for nucleic acid synthesis are folate and
Vitamin B12 (cobalamin).
249
Which mineral is involved in blood clotting, muscle activity, and nerve function? A deficiency of this mineral causes spontaneous nerve discharge and tetany.
calcium
250
Which of these is NOT a function of minerals in the body?
acting as a source of energy
251
The energy-requiring process by which small molecules are joined to form larger molecules is
anabolism.
252
The energy currency of the cell is
ATP
253
Anaerobic respiration produces __________ ATPs and __________ as a waste product.
2, lactic acid
254
Aerobic respiration produces _______ ATPs and ______ require oxygen.
38, does
255
Lactic acid can be converted to __________ in the liver.
glucose
256
Given these phases of aerobic respiration:
1. acetyl-coenzyme A formation
2. citric acid cycle
3. electron-transport chain
4. glycolysis
List the phases in the order they occur as a molecule of glucose is broken down.
4,1,2,3
257
Electron-carrier molecules that are used in the electron-transport chain to generate additional ATP are
NADH and FADH2.
258
Besides ATP, the end products of aerobic respiration are
carbon dioxide and water
259
In the chemiosmotic model, __________ ions diffuse from the intermembrane space to the mitochondrial matrix; as a result, ADP is converted to ATP.
hydrogen
260
At the end of aerobic respiration, all six carbon atoms from the glucose molecule are
found in carbon dioxide molecules.
261
About 99% of the body's energy storage is in the form of
lipids
262
In the process of beta-oxidation, two carbon atoms are removed from the end of a(n) __________ to form __________.
fatty acid, acetyl-CoA
263
The conversion of acetyl-CoA into acetoacetic acid, beta-hydroxybutyric acid or acetone is called
ketogenesis.
264
To produce a nonessential amino acid, keto acids are converted to amino acids by the process of
transamination.
265
The process by which amino acids and glycerol can be converted to glucose is called
gluconeogenesis.
266
During the absorptive state,
excess glucose is converted into glycogen or fats.
267
Which of these forms of metabolic energy use is normally the smallest?
thermic effect of food
268
One pound of body fat is equal to about
3500kcal
269
The gain or loss of heat as infrared energy between two objects that are not in physical contact with each other is called
radiation
