Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Oral pathology > OP04 other/idiopathic conditions of oral mucosa > Flashcards

OP04 other/idiopathic conditions of oral mucosa Flashcards

(87 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the different types of infective agents?

A

Viral, bacterial, fungal, mycoplasma (no cell wall), rickettsia, chlamydia, amoeba, parasites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Why are viruses and prions not microorganisms?

A

They do not have their own metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Describe features of viruses

A

Small
DNA or RNA + viral proteins
Unable to reproduce outside a cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the brief mechanism of damage of viruses?

A

Direct damage by replication so cells burst to release contents
Indirect damage by immune system fighting infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What ways can we detect a viral infection?

A

Culture from infected secretions or tissues (cannot always be done)
Electron microscopy (high titre of virus required)
Immunofluorescence and immunocytochemistry - detect viral antigens using specific Abs
Polymerase chain reaction PCR - detects viral DNA or RNA sequences
Serology - detects Abs to viral antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What diseases can HSV1 & 2 cause?

A

Herpetic stomatitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What diseases can varicella zoster virus cause?

A

Chickenpox, Herpes zoster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What diseases can Coxsackievirus A cause?

A

Herpangina
Hand foot and mouth disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What diseases can Epstein-Barr virus cause?

A

Infectious mononucleosis
Hairy leukoplakia
Burkitt lymphoma (neoplasia)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What diseases can paramyxovirus cause?

A

Measles
Mumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What diseases can human papilloma viruses cause?

A

Viral warts
Hyperplasias, SCC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

How does herpetic stomatitis originally present after contact/droplet spread and prodromal symptoms?

A

Subclinical/mild pharyngitis or symptomatic (gingivostomatitis)
Incubation about 5 days, then prodromal symptoms of malaise, fever, irritability, headaches, swallowing pain, lymphadenopathy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens 1-2 days after prodromal symptoms of herpetic stomatitis?

A

Numerous vesicles on mucosa and lips (resolve in 10-14 days). The vesicles ulcerate and become secondarily infected (regional lymphadenitis) and crust (coagulated serum)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are extra-oral lesions of herpetic stomatitis?

A

Chin: from drooling
Fingers, nailbed: from sucking
Eyes: from rubbing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the histology of herpetic stomatitis?

A

Intraepithelial vesicles (death of infected cells)
Virus reaches nerve endings –> ganglion –> latency
Infected cells –> ‘ballooning’ degeneration, giant cells (fusion) visible in smears
Inflammatory infiltration of epithelium and lamina propria, especially when ulcerated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does recurrent herpes usually present?

A

Herpes labialis - lip vesicles after some hours of itching and tingling

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How does herpes become recurrent?

A

Reactivation of latent HSV from trigeminal ganglion by: physical trauma, strong sunlight/UV (depletes Langerhan’s cells), menstruation, immunosuppression/deficiency, stress, common cold etc
Viral particles travel through axons to nerve endings to reinfect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does immunity to HSV do>

A

Does not protect against recurrent infection but reduces systemic symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are chickenpox?

A

Small blisters/ulcers that can appear in oral mucosa and palate preceding skin rash

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How do shingles occur?

A

Herpes-zoster (shingles) caused by reactivation of VZV (latent in sensory ganglia) after decrease in host resistance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are symptoms of shingles?

A

Prodromal symptoms followed by unilateral vesicle eruptions, painful, rupture leaving ulcerated areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What other body involvement can occur with VSV?

A

Trigeminal involvement - ophthalmic most often
Post-herpetic neuralgia
Ramsay-Hunt syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is post-herpetic neuralgia?

A

Fibrosis of the nerves causing long-term pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is Ramsay-Hunt syndrome?

A

Facial paralysis/taste, oral ulceration, external ear neuralgia (geniculate ganglion), tinnitus, vertigo

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What causes measles?
Paramyxovirus
26
What are the symptoms of measles?
Prodromal symptoms: resemble a common cold + Koplik's spots (white/blue buccal mucosa opposite molar teeth) which disappear when skin rash develops
27
What else does Paramyxovirus cause?
Newcastle disease Parainfluenza (4 types) Mumps
28
Are measles contagious?
Very in prevaccination era
29
What is herpangina and what are its symptoms?
Caused by Coxsackie type A, self limiting, occurs in children Sore throat, dyspphagia, fever, headaches, vomiting, abdominal pain
30
What are the oral symptoms of herpangina?
Small vesicles 1-2mm tonsils, soft palate, uvula --> ulcers with grey base and inflamed periphery Oropharyngitis vs gingivostomatitis in herpes infection
31
How does hand foot and mouth disease present?
Multiple ulcero-vesciular lesions in palate, tongue, buccal mucosa, skin (hands and feet!)
32
Who does hand foot and mouth disease usually occur in?
Young children
33
Is hand foot and mouth disease infective?
Yes until the rash is gone
34
How many times of papilloma viruses are there?
Over 200 HPV types
35
What are low risk lesions from papilloma viruses?
Skin and oral warts (verruca vulgaris) Genital lesions (condyloma acuminatum)
36
What are high risk lesions from papilloma viruses?
Papillomas (benign tumours, not always HPV+) Leukoplakia (potentially malignant disorder) SCC (malignant tumour)
37
What is Heck's disease?
Focal epithelial hyperplasia Rare, contagious, benign viral infection that affects oral mucosa, caused by HPV
38
Are cervical carcinomas associated with oral?
Some associated with cervical carcinomas (HPV 16 18 33) are associated with OSCC
39
What is ANUG?
Polymicrobial infection caused by fusospirochetal complex (mainly bacteria)
40
Symptoms of ANUG
Necrosis of interdental papillae Pain, bleeding, metallic taste, marked halitosis, malaise, cervical adenopathy, fever Healing with disappearance of the interdental papillae
41
What is persistent ANUG associated with?
HIV infection
42
What is Noma or Cancrum Oris?
Rapid gangrene (death and decay of tissues in a living body) of oral-facial tissues in debilitated/malnourished children Start with necrotising gingivitis, extends to lip and cheeks
43
Name some granulomatous diseases
Actinomycosis Syphilis Tuberculosis Leprosy
44
What is a granuloma?
An organised collection of mature mononuclear phagocytes (macrophages, epithelioid cells) with or without necrosis or the infiltration of other inflammatory leukocytes
45
What is granulomatous inflammation?
A chronic response to antigens that are persistent and irritant. 2 types.
46
What are the 2 types of granulomatous inflammation?
1. Foreign body granulomas (response to insoluble material, cholesterol, sutures, mineral debris etc) 2. Epithelioid (or hypersensitivity) granulomas (cell mediated): actinomycosis, syphilis, TB, leprosy
47
Are periapical granulomas a granulomatous disease?
Periapical granulomas are NOT a granulomatous disease! (only granulation tissue)
48
What is actinomycosis?
Chronic, suppurative, polymicrobial infection mostly by endogenous bacteria: A. israelii (anaerobic gram +) Cervicofacial, thoracic and abdominal forms
49
What occurs in cervicofacial actinomycosis?
Tooth socket, infected root canal Firm swelling, fibrosis, abscess formation, chronic suppuration, multiple sinuses Pus discharge to skin, with 'sulfur granules'
50
What are sulfur granules?
Tangled meshes of gram-positive filaments of actinomyces with radiating filaments projecting on the surface
51
What is the histology of cervicofacial actinomyces?
Abscess formation, PMNs Granuloma formation at the periphery (multinucleated giant cells) Radiating A. israeli colonies stained with Hematoxylin in the centre and Eosin in the periphery, associated with giant cells
52
What are giant cells?
Large, multinucleated cells formed when various cells, like monocytes, epithelioid cells or macrophages fuse together Often present in areas of chronic inflammation or granulomatous conditions
53
What is syphilis?
Infection by Treponema pallidum Has primary, secondary and tertiary phases
54
What happens in the primary phase (chancre) of syphilus?
Mainly affects genitalia, some in oral mucosa/lips - Chancre = shallow painless ulcer with indurated base, lymphadenopathy - Granulation tissue with dense (mostly) plasma cell infiltration - Heals in 3-6 weeks
55
What happens in the secondary phase (1.5-3 months) of syphilus?
Skin rash, mucous patches, ulceration that coalesce: snail track ulcers
56
What happens in the tertiary phase (years) of syphilis?
- Gumma (coagulative necrosis, granulation tissue, plasma cells, macrophages, giant cells (types 4 hypersensitivity) palate perforation - Endarteritis obliterans: atrophic glossitis (smooth surface + fissures) - Hyperkeratotis (syphilitis leukoplakia), SCC?
57
What happens in congenital syphilus - in a foetus if pregnant lady is infected with syphilis
Hutchinson's incisors, mulberry molars
58
What is tuberculosis?
Infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Primary (rare) or secondary.
59
What happens in secondary TB (from infected sputum)?
- Chronic undermined ulcers are usually painful but not always - Classical ulcers in tongue, covered by greyish-yellow material, but might appear in other locations Tuberculous lymphadenitis cervical
60
What is the histology of TB?
- Granulomas (giant cells, epithelioid cells, lymphocytes, caseating necrosis (not always)) - Acid fast organisms (Ziehl-Neelson method)
61
What is leprosy?
Infection by Mycobacterium leprae
62
Although rare, what are the 2 types of leprosy?
- Lepromatous widespread infection - 50% oral lesions, secondary nasal involvement, nodular masses 'leproma' in tongue, lips, hard palate, ulcerate and heal with fibrosis - Tuberculoid localised infection
63
What common fungal infections are there?
Oral candidosis Blastomycosis Histoplasmosis (inhalation of spores, causes ulcerated oral lesions) Cryptococcus, pneumocystis (opportunistic in HIV/AIDS)
64
What are idiopathic conditions?
Conditions with unknown aetiologies/reasons for the disease
65
What idiopathic conditions is it useful to know?
Erythema migrans Orofacial granulomatosis Amyloidosis
66
What is erythma migrans?
Lesions in oral mucosa that evolve with time, usually symptomless, usually family history
67
How is erythema migrans triggered?
Unknown aetiology but triggered by stress, gastric problems, some toothpastes
68
How does erythema migrans present?
Partial loss of filiform papaillae --> migratory glossitis, geographic tongue Margins of lesion outlines by a white line
69
Who is erythema migrans more common in?
Patients with psoriasis Associations with fissured tongue
70
What is the histology of erythema migrans?
Neutrophil infiltration in borders of lesion Chronic infiltrate in the centre + desquamation of epithelium No candida present
71
Should you be worried about erythema migrans?
No
72
What is orofacial granulomatosis?
Not a condition, but a term to describe the common clinico-pathological manifectation of different disorders
73
What do orofacial granulomatosis conditions commonly cause?
Recurrent or persistent enlargement of lips, cheeks, diffuse sweeling Non-caseating epithelioid granulomas and edema
74
What are the possible causes of orofacial granulomatosis?
Crohn's disease Sarcoidosis Granulomatous infection/foreign bodies Melkersson Rosenthal syndrome Allergic reactions Idiopathic
75
What is Crohn's disease?
Chronic condition, unknown aetiology commonly involving terminal ileum but can involve any part of GI tract Causes abdominal pain, absorption and nutrition deficiencies, diarrhoea
76
What are the oral manifestations of Crohn's disease?
Swelling of lips and cheeks Thickening of buccal-labial mucosa (fissures, cobblestone, polypoid tags) Aphthous or linear ulcers Glossitis (iron, B12 or folic acid malabsorption)
77
What is the histology of Crohn's disease?
Fibrosis and focal infiltration with lymphocytes and plasma cells, lymphoedema, dilated lymphatics, non-caseating (poorly formed), granulomas (giant cells can be missing)
78
How does sarcoidosis present?
Commonly bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy, pulmonary infiltration, skin and eye lesions Malaise, cough, arthalgia, shortness of breath
79
What is the histology of sarcoidosis?
Non-caseating granulomas, no acid-fast organisms
80
What is sarcoidosis characterised by that you can measure in a blood test?
Increased erythrocyte sedimentation rate But difficult to test for
81
What is Heerfordt syndrome?
When uveitis, parotitis and facial paralysis and fever occur in sarcoidosis
82
Despite rare, what oral mucosa involvement might occur in sarcoidosis?
Submucosal, painless red nodules covered by normal mucosa or as erythema or hyperplasia of the gingiva
83
What is Melkersson-Rosenthal syndrome (rare)?
Facial swellings, cheilitis granulomatosa, fissured tongue, unilateral face palsy
84
What is amyloidosis?
Several diseases The deposition of eosinophilic, hyaline (fibrillar) protein in tissues in any organ (macroglossia, gingival enlargement)
85
What does amyloid stain with?
Congo red or crystal violet
86
Describe systemic amyloidosis
Secondary to chronic inflammatory diseases, plasma cell dyscrasia, malignancy
87
Describe localised amyloidosis
Inherited neuropathies such as familial CJD, familial Alzheimer's, others. Acquires: sporadic alzheimers, sporadic spongiform encephalopathies

Oral pathology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions