Oparka Lectures

Question 1

What is hyperplasia?

Answer 1

Increase in the number of cells

Question 2

Hyperplasia is always due to a stimulus, true or false?

Answer 2

True

Question 3

What causes hyperplasia to return to normal?

Answer 3

Withdrawal of the stimulus

Question 4

What is neoplastic transformation?

Answer 4

Growth becoming autonomous

Question 5

What is hypertrophy?

Answer 5

Increase in the size of cells?

Question 6

What is atrophy?

Answer 6

Loss of size and/or number of cells

Question 7

What is metaplasia?

Answer 7

Reversible change from one mature cell type to another

Question 8

What causes metaplasia?

Answer 8

Cell injury of some kind

Question 9

Why does metaplasia occur?

Answer 9

A change in a cell’s environment causes the need for a change in function

Question 10

What is an example of metaplasia?

Answer 10

Barrett’s Oesophagus

Question 11

What is dysplasia?

Answer 11

Disordered growth

Question 12

What is neoplasia?

Answer 12

New growth that occurs without a stimulus

Question 13

What are the classes of neoplasia?

Answer 13

Benign, pre-malignant (dysplasia) and malignant

Question 14

What is malignancy?

Answer 14

Autonomous growth that has invaded beyond its normal locations and has metastatic potential

Question 15

What does stellate mean?

Answer 15

Star-like, scattered, with no natural border

Question 16

What does diffuse mean?

Answer 16

Spans the whole organ/area

Question 17

What does a translucent mass imply?

Answer 17

Thin walls

Question 18

What are spicules and if they are white what are they?

Answer 18

Specks

Fat necrosis

Question 19

What is an ulcer with heaped up rolled edges likely to be?

Answer 19

Malignant

Question 20

How is a peptic ulcer often described?

Answer 20

Punched out - with defined borders

Question 21

A low nucleus to cytoplasm ratio is bad and implies malignancy, true or false?

Answer 21

False

Question 22

Are irregular nuclear contours good or bad?

Answer 22

Bad

Question 23

What does pleomorphism mean?

Answer 23

Lots of different shapes and sizes

Question 24

What is tripolar mitosis?

Answer 24

Mitosis that starts to split into three poles - triangular

Question 25

What does the presence of intracellular mucin imply?

Answer 25

Adenocarcinoma

Question 26

What cells are present in adenocarcinoma?

Answer 26

Signet ring cells

Question 27

Describe signet ring cells.

Answer 27

Nucleus that is pushed to the edge of the cell | Aggressive and spread far, discohesive

Question 28

What are the three main groups of cancers?

Answer 28

Epithelial Mesenchymal Haematological

Question 29

Where are epithelial cells found?

Answer 29

Lining the internal and external surfaces of the body

Question 30

What is characteristic of epithelial cells?

Answer 30

Rest on a basement membrane

Question 31

What type of cells are ones with exposure to the outside?

Answer 31

Squamous epithelium

Question 32

Describe skin cells.

Answer 32

Squamous epithelium, keratinising, and with adnexal structures

Question 33

What are examples of adnexal structures?

Answer 33

Glands, hair

Question 34

Describe internal cells with exposure to the outside (mouth, oesophagus, ear canal etc).

Answer 34

Squamous epithelium, non-keratinising

Question 35

What are G cells?

Answer 35

Cells that secrete gastrin

Question 36

What are parietal cells?

Answer 36

Cells that produce hydrochloric acid

Question 37

What are enterochromaffin-like cells?

Answer 37

Cells that secrete histamine

Question 38

What cells secrete acetylcholine?

Answer 38

Parasympathetic cholinergic neurones

Question 39

What are D cells?

Answer 39

Cells that secrete somatostatin

Question 40

Where are pseudo stratified ciliated columnar cells found?

Answer 40

Respiratory tract

Question 41

What is the name for epithelial malignancies?

Answer 41

Carcinomas

Question 42

What is directly proportional to risk of epithelial malignancy?

Answer 42

Age

Question 43

What are epithelial malignancies often caused by?

Answer 43

A long term accumulation of environmental factors, e.g. smoking

Question 44

What is the disease progression of carcinomas characterised by?

Answer 44

Local growth

Question 45

Through which routes can carcinomas spread?

Answer 45

Haematogenous and lymphatic

Question 46

What is 'honeycombing'?

Answer 46

Hexagonal areas around the edges of lymph nodes seen microscopically as they are drained due to malignant spread

Question 47

Where does primary lung cancer commonly spread to?

Answer 47

Bone, brain, adrenal, liver

Question 48

Where do primary GI malignancies spread to?

Answer 48

Liver mostly, other places also

Question 49

What are some mesenchymal tumours?

Answer 49

``` Bone Cartilage Fibrous tissue Fat Smooth and skeletal muscle Nerves Blood vessels ```

Question 50

What is the name for mesenchymal tumours?

Answer 50

Sarcomas

Question 51

What are the names of benign and malignant smooth muscle tumours?

Answer 51

Leiomyoma | Sarcoma

Question 52

What are the names of benign and malignant skeletal muscle tumours?

Answer 52

Rhabdomyoma | Sarcoma

Question 53

What are the names of benign and malignant fat tumours?

Answer 53

Lipoma | Liposarcoma

Question 54

What are the names of benign and malignant bone tumours?

Answer 54

Osteoma | Osteosarcoma

Question 55

What are the names of benign and malignant cartilage tumours?

Answer 55

Chondroma | Chondrosarcoma

Question 56

What are the names of benign and malignant blood vessel tumours?

Answer 56

Haemangioma | Angiosarcoma

Question 57

What are the names of benign and malignant nerve tumours?

Answer 57

Neuroma | Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor (MPNST)

Question 58

Sarcomas are relatively rare, true or false?

Answer 58

True

Question 59

Which are more common in children: carcinomas or sarcomas?

Answer 59

Sarcomas

Question 60

Which three cancers do children most commonly get?

Answer 60

Brain Blood Bone

Question 61

What is the defining feature of sarcomas?

Answer 61

Local growth

Question 62

Which is a more common route of spread for sarcomas: lymphatic or haematogenous?

Answer 62

Haematogenous, lymphatic spread v v rare

Question 63

Describe the microscopic aspects of sarcomas.

Answer 63

Spindle cell lesions - elongated tapered shape to cells with a long oval nucleus

Question 64

What type of mutation usually causes a sarcoma?

Answer 64

Large translocation

Question 65

What are haematological malignancies?

Answer 65

Ones that are present in the blood, lymphatics or bone marrow

Question 66

What are examples of myeloid cells?

Answer 66

RBC, platelets, granulocytes (basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells)

Question 67

What is a lymphoma?

Answer 67

Tumour-like masses in lymph nodes, with swelling and classic features of a tumour

Question 68

What is leukaemia?

Answer 68

Circulating malignant cells in the blood or bone marrow, with no mass

Question 69

Which type of malignancy may involve liver and spleen organomegaly?

Answer 69

Haematological malignancy

Question 70

What is the critical investigation in haematological malignancy?

Answer 70

FBC

Question 71

What can marrow involvement in haematological malignancy cause?

Answer 71

Malignant cells replace everything else, meaning less other cells are made - less red, cells, platelets, normal B cells so symptoms such as nosebleed, sweating (and night sweats), weight loss

Question 72

What is the morphology of haematological malignancies?

Answer 72

Solid white mass

Question 73

What is the microscopy of haematological malignancies?

Answer 73

Resemble the cell of origin, often many small round blue cells, often all looks the same - monotonous and clonal (unless high grade)

Question 74

What class of malignancy are melanomas?

Answer 74

Neuroectoderm

Question 75

What is precision medicine?

Answer 75

The use of different chemotherapy dose for | different genes and tumours