Opening up China to foreigners, 1860-70 Terms and significance of the treaty of tianjin Flashcards
(22 cards)
when was the treaty of tianjin ratified
1860
what were the terms of the treaty of tianjin (7)
Britain, france, russia and USA have the right to station legations in Beijing, 11 more Chinese trading ports open to foreign trade, foreign vessels can go up the yangztee, foreigners can travel into china (missionaries), religious liberty to all christians, 6 million taels reparations, not allowed to call british barbarians
what was an issue raised by the freedom and growth of christianity
threatened confucian values – backbone of the Qing
what did the allowance for permanent residence of foreign reps in Beijing show
an end to the established tributary relations- loss of emperor’s virtue
when did the self strengthening movement begin
1861
when did the Zongli Yamen open, what was it
1861- foreign office
what was the Tongwen Guan
schools to train the children of bannermen in foreign languages, opened in Guangzhou and Shanghai but the quality of candidates for these schools was low
when was the post of superintendent for trade created and where?
1861- Tianjin
why was the post of superintendent for trade created
as a tactic aimed at weakening the foreign representatives by concentrating foreign affairs in the hands of tianjin officials
what happened during the negotiations of the treaty of tianjin in 1858
when British officials travelled to Tianjin, the emperor was opposed to Ratification (embasies undermining him), Chinese had repaired forts and blocked the river so the brits and french attacked Tianjin
what were the British and French met with when they attacked Tianjin
strong opposistion- many officials were imprisoned ans executed
what did the Brits/French do in 1860
burnt the summer palace
why did Russia and the USA also push for trade agreements
recognised China’s weakness, Russia seized land north of korea
when was the Taiping Rebellion
1850-64
what were the Taiping and Nian rebellions examples of
revolts against the Qing and influence of foreigners
how did the Taiping and Nian rebellions underline some positives of the treaty
foreigners needed to protect their interests and uphold the Qing, not in their interest to let it fall- Ever victorious army defeated the rebellions and allowed china to focus on self strengthening
What was the aim of the self-strengthening movement
to strengthen the nation by preserving the Qing + maintaining confucian values while embracing western military values and industrial practices
who was the most prominent leader of the self strengthening movement
Li Hongzhang
what was the Jiangnan arsenal in shanghai?
1865- first chinese mass producers of ships, guns, cannons
what were two industrial examples set up by the self strengthening movement
Tianjin machine factory and Fuzhou navy yard
where were promising students sent to do their learning
abroad
when was there a roving mission to the USA
1868
