opening up china to foreigners- booklet 1 Flashcards
(94 cards)
1
Q
when was the treaty of nianjing?
A
1842
2
Q
the first opium war
A
1839-42
3
Q
which treaty was a result of the first opium war?
A
treaty of nianjin (1842)
4
Q
rule of the Qing
A
1644-1912
5
Q
what was the form of diplomacy used by the British in the 1830s?
A
gunboat diplomacy
6
Q
terms of the treaty of Nianjin 1842
A
-5 treaty ports set up
-canton system removed
-compensation paid to opium traders for the cost of the opium ($21 million)
-MFN status for Britain
-Hong Kong to Britain
7
Q
dates for the second anglo Chinese war
A
1856-60
8
Q
treaty of Tianjin
A
1860
9
Q
which treaty was a result of the second anglo-chinese war?
A
treaty of Tianjin (1860)
10
Q
canton system
A
13 merchants were chosen by the imperial government to trade with foreigners from Canton. NO private trade was allowed.
11
Q
importance of Canton system for Imperial government
A
Controlled movement of goods, set prices, collected tariffs, Consoo fund made Emperor money, kept foreigners in Canton
12
Q
what does ‘most favoured nation’ mean?
A
secured in article 8
-any deals or treaties secured with other nations must also be extended to Britain.
13
Q
extraterritoriality
A
-foreigners are not subject to the laws of the country
-can only be tried using their native laws
14
Q
banner army
A
emperor relied on the armies of powerful families from the provinces
15
Q
Mandate of Heaven
A
-force of history that justifies the holding of power by those in authority
-floods, famine, drought, war could overthrow a dynasty
16
Q
Western Imperialism
A
spread of economic and political control by European countries over parts of Asia and Africa
17
Q
Who was the emperor in 1860?
A
Xian Feng
18
Q
Who was Cixi?
A
-concubine who became Xianfeng’s Empress, ruled on his behalf
-later regent for son and nephew
19
Q
terms of treaty of Tianjin
A
-Extraterritoriality
-all inland waterways opened to foreign ships
-foreign ambassadors live in Beijing
-10 new treaty ports
-free movement for Christian missionaries
20
Q
tributary state
A
independent state that pays taxes to china in exchange for protection and trade
21
Q
What does ‘yi’ mean and what does it suggest about feelings towards foreigners?
A
Yi means ‘alien’. Most Chinese, especially educated, thought that foreigners were barbarians and called them foreign devils.
22
Q
Why did Chinese kill 17 French missionaries and burn 4 churches in Tianjin, 1870?
A
Rumours orphans were being killed by nuns and their limbs used for aphrodisiacs before sex play between monks and nuns. Heightened anti-foreign feeling.
23
Q
What was the Self-Strengthening movement 1865?
A
Attempt to modernise China, e.g. Jiangnan Arsenal and Fuzhou Shipyard.
24
Q
Zongi Yamen
A
Foreign Ministry set up in 1865, the first Ambassador to England was Guo Song Tao
25
Tongwenguan
Interpreter’s College, so Chinese could learn foreign languages for trade.
26
What was Li Hongzhang famous for?
Self Strengthening movement 1870+, diplomacy with France 1884 and Japan 1895
27
Where and when was the Meiji Revolutions?
Japan, 1868+
28
Mitsubishi's importance for Japanese Imperialism
Government defence contracts for Mitsubishi to build a powerful and modern Japanese Navy for empire building
29
Japan want Korea 1870+
Imperialism, Rice, weaken China, Markets for trade, few westerners to compete with
30
internal issues was Korea suffering from?
Pro Chinese/Anti Japanese, Pro Japanese/Anti Chinese and Anti Chinese-Japanese/Pro Korean uprisings.
31
What was the Treaty of Tientsin (aka Tianjin) 1885?
Japan and China agree NO troops in Korea, and must notify each other if they need to go in.
32
which treaty did Japan and China agree no troops in Korea and notifying each other if they need to go in?
Treaty of Tientsin 1885
33
trigger of the Sino Japanese war in 1894
Pro Japanese Korean official assassinated in Shanghai, uprisings in Korea, both China and Japan send troops but Japanese get there first.
34
terms of the Treaty of Shimonoseki April 1895
-Korea became a Japanese Protectorate
-200 million taels reparations to Japan
-4 new Treaty ports
-Taiwan, NE Manchuria and Liaodong peninsula to Japan
-Japan can industrialise any Chinese port.
35
What did France get by 1901?
-1885 Treaty of Tianjin - Vietnam a French Protectorate, trading rights in SE China
-1897 French lease of SW China
36
What did Britain get by 1901?
-1842 Treaty of Nanjing (MFN)
-1860 Treaty of Tianjin (Hong Kong, extraterritoriality etc.),
-1896 Weihaiwei and lease on New Territories (expanded Hong Kong)
37
What did Russia get by 1901?
-1896 - Trans Siberian Railway
-1898 25 year lease of Port Arthur
38
What did Germany get by 1901?
-Naval Base in Shandong, -1897 seized Shandong Peninsula
-99 year lease on Jiaozhou Bay
-concessions in North East to develop mines and railways
39
100 Days of Reform
1898 - 103-day national cultural, political, and educational reform movement to modernise China. (Emperor Guangxu)
40
Why did Cixi put Guangxu under house arrest 1898-1908?
She was conservative, he was too liberal. Fear of losing influence and westernisation of China.
41
Where did the Boxer Movement emerge from?
Rural boxing clubs. Anti-foreign (industrialisation, Christianity etc.).
42
What propaganda did the Boxers use to gain support?
Christians caused drought, Boxers impenetrable by foreign bullets, Red Lanterns (woman) could fly vs foreigners as well as drumming up anti foreign feeling.
43
What did Boxer attacks target in 1900?
Western infrastructure: Tore up railroads, knocked down telegraphs, burned buildings, attacked Beijing and Chinese Christian converts.
44
Boxers laid siege to Beijing for 55 days. How were they finally defeated?
Cixi did not get support from regional banner armies, imperial force was weak, western troops (8 nations) swept through Tianjin, Dagu forts and took Beijing.
45
Why was Cixi reluctant to ban the Boxers, which made it look like she supported them, angering westerners?
-Believed there was a Western coup to put Guangxu back on the throne.
-Also wasn't keen on foreigners so hoped Boxers would be successful in removing them
46
Boxer Protocol was signed in 1901. What humiliating terms did the Qing have to accept?
-War guilt
-$450 million reparations
-arsenals and forts destroyed
-foreign troops in Beijing permanently
47
Cixi and Guangxu died
1908
48
Cixi and Puyi attempted administrative reforms and improvements to infrastructure (e.g. railway). How did they pay for it?
High interest western loans 1902-08 and again in 1910 as well as tax rises in 1902 and 1909, finally a failed attempt to nationalise the railways in 1911.
49
Sun Yatsen
1866-1925
-evolutionary who spread republican ideas to educated China
-exiled by the Qing, spent 1896-1911 raising awareness, funds and weapons for revolution
-key organiser of the Wuchang Uprising
-started the GMD
50
Wuchang Uprising
-10/10/1911
-central provinces against the poor leadership of the Imperial Government in Beijing
51
why did Puyi not abdicate to Sun Yatsen?
Yuan Shikai, military general, was the one given an audience with the court and the decree mentions him
-SY felt a MG could take control of the uprisings
-Yuan supported the uprisings and committed himself to the new republic
52
first modern bank established in china
1897
53
how many treaty ports were there by 1900?
50
54
internal events 1870-94: political
-cixi reactionary and ultra conservative
-imperial gov powerless to stop western encroachment
-political ideas of democracy and republic filtered in to china
-alliance league called for collapse of Qing
55
internal events 1870-94: economic
-chinese worker relied on western factories for livelihood, especially in cities
-foreign capital necessary for Chinese survival
-growth of indigenous Chinese business
-poor working conditions and low wages
-strikes and damaging industrial machinery- workers objection to foreign control
56
internal events 1870-94: social
-growing m/c due to European trade
-large uneducated peasantry
-50 treaty ports in 1900
-extraterritoriality
-railroad building
-self-strengthening encouraged minor modernisation
-women worked in western factories
-peasants flocked to cities
57
internal events 1870-94: cultural
-m/c educated abroad brought back western ideals (democracy, socialism, republic, and modernisation)
-alliance league set up (sun yatsen educated abroad) political groups illegal at this time
-foreign language schools taught m/c Chinese children
58
internal events 1870-94: Chinese 'love-hate' of 'foreign devils'
-artisan classes lost skilled jobs
-suspicious peasants
-m/c merchants to jobs from them
-foreign products being used by Chinese
59
how long did the IR take in Japan?
40 years
60
ganghwa trade agreement
1876
-western goods sold to korea
-japanese factory goods sold to korea
-3 treaty ports
61
Sino-French war
Aug 1884- April 1885
-lost south navy to French meant weakend during Sino-japanese war (1894-5)
62
Tonghak rebellion
1894
-king Gojong asks Beijing for help
-Japan got there first (weren't asked)
-attacked British ship called Kowshing Chinese had hired
63
1881
50 miles of track laid between Tianjin and Tangshan
64
how many ships acquired by 1877?
33 by 1877
65
when did the Yangtze become chinas busiest waterway?
by the 1890s
66
how many miles of railway had china managed to build in 1900?
120 miles out of the 9,000 miles of track in the entire country
67
young china movement
within three years of 1895, 103 study societies, 183 new schools and 62 publishing houses all established in major cities w/purpose of supporting modernisation
68
what were many self-strengtheners motivated by?
fear of colonisation from europe or Japan
69
which treaty was a result of the Sino-Japanese war?
treaty of Shimonoseki, April 1895
70
Taiping rebellion
led by Hong Xiuquan rebelled against Qing in favour of social reform
71
what is the date of the Taiping rebellion?
1850-64
72
why did the foreigners ally with China after the treat of Tianjin and defeat the Taiping rebellion?
They wanted to protect their economic interests in China that stood with the Qing dynasty and didn’t want negotiate with a new government
73
What was the ever victorious army?
group of western mercenaries led by Frederick Townsend Ward who subdued the taiping rebellion
74
What was the change in China between 1800 and 1860?
Foreigners had now become equal in China and it was Clear China must adopt foreign ways and methods to modernise and not collapse
75
who was the new emperor after the treaty of Tianjin?
Tongzhi
76
how did Britain abuse their extraterritoriality in treaty ports?
they impose low tariffs so they could import in large amounts of British goods to china
77
what did the conservatives in the Qing Government believe?
Opposed growth in foreign trade and adoption of anything foreign as it challenged sacred Chinese confucian values
78
Why did Shanghai prosper?
its geography at the mouth of the Yangtze River and it already had established trade routes as a fishing port
79
when did Britain establish a settlement in Shanghai and what did it cause?
1845 and it became very western with luxury things and many banks like HSBC 1865
80
Tongwenguan
school established in 1862 to teach foreign languages and science
81
when were other foreign language schools made in Shanghai and guangzhou?
1863
82
what is the Zongli Yamen and when was it set up?
Chinese Governments first board of foreign ambassadors in 1865
83
what did the Zongli Yamen aim to do?
familiarise with international law and diplomacy so China wouldn't be exploited by unfair treaties again
84
What is the example of Zongli Yamen and Prince Gongs growing diplomatic understanding in 1864?
China pointed out the error in the Prussian capture of 3 danish ships in Chinese waters and were compensated.
85
What were other examples of growing diplomacy in the 1860s?
China sent delegations on international missions to improve relations and understanding of the western world
86
Who did Christianity become popular with in China?
poorer Chinese and oppressed minority groups who opposed Qing rule
87
How did missionaries help China to modernise socially?
Chinese converts to Christianity became associated with social reform as they were against the Qing and old Chinese traditions like foot binding
88
how many Chinese converted by 1900?
700 000 catholics
89
Why was the hostility towards christians and converts?
-accused of rape and incest
-associated with Taiping rebellion
90
Why were missionary schools significant?
-translated many western works
-educated Chinese youth on christianity from a young age
-gave basic learning to many Chinese
-weakened the Qing by proposing alternative religion to confucian
91
What caused Chinese resentment that led to the Tianjin massacre in 1870?
-Catholic nuns had been kidnapping children for orphanages
-Baptism caused disease
-French church was constructed on site of buddhist temple
92
What were the events that directly caused the Tianjin massacre?
anti catholic protesters gathered outside the cathedral and a French diplomat demanded to the local magistrate that they dispersed and ended up shooting his servant
93
what were the events of the Tianjin massacre?
-60 converts and missionaries dead
-French diplomat was murdered
-cathedral and orphanage were burnt down
-French gunboats were dispatched
94
impact of the Tianjin massacre
-Chinese instigators were executed and a formal apology presented
-only further increased anti foreign feeling in china
-Foreign distrust in Qing government
-showed western powers were still far superior with gunboat diplomacy
