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Year 6 > ophthal > Flashcards

ophthal Flashcards

1
Q

argyll-robertson pupil - describe it and causes

A

small irregular pupil caused by DM or syphilis

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2
Q

superior oblique does what to eyeball

A

depress and abduct

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3
Q

pathophysiology of acute closed angle glaucome

A

blocked drainage from anterior chamber via canal of Schlemm

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4
Q

RFs for ACAG

A

hypermetropia
old age
female

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5
Q

ACAG sx

A

pain

nausea/vomiting

reduced visual acuity

symptoms worse with mydriasis/dark room

dull/hazy cornea

haloes

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6
Q

ix for ACAG

A

gold standard is gonioscopy
also tonometry

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7
Q

mx of ACAG

A

refer ASAP

medical: combination eye drops (pilocarpine + timolol), IV acetazolamide

surgical: laser peripheral iridotomy DONE WHEN ACUTE ATTACK SETTLED

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8
Q

uvea consists of

A

iris, ciliary body, choroid

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9
Q

anterior uveitis sx

A

acute pain with acute onset
photophobia
blurred vision
hypopynon - pus in chamber

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10
Q

anterior uveitis associations

A

IBD
sarcoid
Still’s
seronegative arthropathies

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11
Q

mx anterior uveitis

A

urgent referral
meds: prednisolone + cyclopentolate drops

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12
Q

episcleritis associations

A

IBD and rheumatoid

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13
Q

episcleritis sx

A

commonly painless red eye
watering and photophobia may be present

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14
Q

episcleritis vs scleritis clinically

A

scleritis more painful

episcleritis blanches vessels on pressure or use of phenylephrine drops

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15
Q

scleritis mx

A

urgent same day referral
oral NSAIDs mainstay
glucocorticoids used for severe presentations

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16
Q

when does someone with conjunctivitis need to be same-day reviewed by ophthalmologist?

A

if they are a contact lens wearer

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17
Q

corneal ulcer/abrasion ix

A

fluorescein staining

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18
Q

keratitis definition

A

inflammation of cornea

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19
Q

keratitis bacteria

A

staph aureus
pseudomonas in contact lens wearers

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20
Q

antibiotics for keratitis of assumed bacterial cause?

A

quinolones are first line

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21
Q

how long aciclovir for HZO

A

7-10days (oral)

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22
Q

complications of HZO

A

post-herpetic neuralgia
ptosis
keratitis, conjunctivitis, uveitis

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23
Q

mechanism of sudden vision loss in GCA

A

anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

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24
Q

non-arteritic causes of AION

A

diabetes
HTN
smoking

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25
Q

s/s of optic neuritis

A

central scotoma
RAPD
acuity loss (central and colour)
pain on movement

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26
Q

optic neuritis drug causes

A

ethambutol
chloramphenicol

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27
Q

optic neuritis tx

A

IV methylprednisolone

28
Q

vitreous haemorrhage s/s

A

symptoms: painless acute loss of vision with floaters and red hue
small: small block dots in vision
large bleeds: loss of red reflex, retina not visualised

29
Q

vitreous haemorrhage causes

A

DM
trauma
warfarin

30
Q

retinal detachment aetiology

A

holes in retina allow fluid to separate retina from epithelium

31
Q

causes of retinal detachment

A

DM
cataract surgery
trauma
myopia

32
Q

s/s retinal detachment

A

painless fall in acuity (curtain falling down) and field loss
floaters
flashes

33
Q

describe fundoscopy in optic neuritis

A

optic disc swollen

34
Q

describe fundoscopy in AION

A

pale optic disc swelling

35
Q

describe fundoscopy in vitreous haemorrhage

A

haemorrhage obscures fundus

36
Q

CRAO sx

A

sudden painless total loss of vision + RAPD

37
Q

CRAO fundoscopy

A

globally pale retina
cherry red spot on retina

38
Q

CRVO fundoscopy

A

widespread hyperaemia
severe retinal haemorrhages - ‘stormy sunset’

39
Q

ARMD s/s

A

CENTRAL visual loss
blurring of small words
straight lines appearing curvy

40
Q

dry ARMD - signs

A

drusen - yellow fat deposits

41
Q

wet ARMD signs

A

choroidal neovascularisation

42
Q

ARMD ix

A

amsler grid - distortion of line seeing

43
Q

ARMD tx

A

wet: anti-VEGF e.g. bevacizumab

44
Q

POAG RF

A

age
myopia
DM
afrocaribbean

45
Q

POAG sx

A

peripheral visual fields loss

46
Q

POAG fundoscopy signs

A

optic disc cupping

47
Q

POAG tx

A

IOP>24 —> selective laser trabeculoplasty

first line:
prostaglandin anaologue e.g. latanoprost
second line:
beta blocker eye drops or CAi eye drops

48
Q

prostaglandin analogue example

A

latanoprost

49
Q

latanoprost MOA

A

increases uveoscleral outflow

50
Q

latanoprost SE

A

brown iris
increased eyelash length

51
Q

which eye drops decrease aqueous production

A

Beta-blockers
alpha-2 agonists
CAi

52
Q

proliferative retinopathy tx

A

pan-retinal photocoagulation

53
Q

maculopathy tx

A

focal photocoagulation

54
Q

pan-retinal photocoagulation SE

A

decreased night vision acuity

55
Q

difference between non-proliferative and proliferative

A

proliferative - has neovascularization/angiogenesis

56
Q

cotton wool spots represent ….

A

areas of infarction

57
Q

maculopathy fundoscopy

A

hard exudates NEAR MACULA

58
Q

causes of cataracts

A

Age
Steroids
DM
Smoking
HYPOcalcaemia
congenital

59
Q

cataracts s/sx

A

increasing myopia
blurred vision
haloes
sign: decreased red reflex

60
Q

cataract surgery complications

A

posterior capsule opacification - thickening of lens - causing decreased acuity

retinal detachment

ENDOPTHLMITIS - inflammation of aqueous/vitreous humour

61
Q

retinitis pigmentosa sx

A

night blindness
tunnel vision

62
Q

stye vs chalazion

A

stye usually more acute and painful

63
Q

entropion

A

eyelid inversion

64
Q

floaters especially seen in

A

retinal detachment
vitreous haemorrhage

65
Q

divergent squint

A

eye deviates temporally

66
Q

carotid cavernous fistula

A

carotid aneurysm rupture leading to reflux of blood into cavernous sinus

Year 6 (7 decks)

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