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Interim 5 > Ophthalmic Agent's > Flashcards

Ophthalmic Agent's Flashcards

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1
Q

Prostaglandin analogue example

A

Latanoprost

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2
Q

Beta blocker example

A

Timolol

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3
Q

Alpha 2 adrenomimetics example

A

Brimonidine

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4
Q

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

A

Dorzolamide, Acetazolamide

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5
Q

Osmotic diuretic

A

Mannitol

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6
Q

M- cholinomimetics

A

Pilocarpine

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7
Q

Steroidal and non steroidal anti inflammatory drugs

A

Dexamethasone and diclofenac

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8
Q

Angiogenesis inhibitors

A

Bevacizumab

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9
Q

Mydriatic and cycloplegic agents

A

Atropine

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10
Q

Glaucoma caused by

A

Dysbalance between intraocular fluid production and outflow - elevated intraocular pressure,progress slowly

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11
Q

Intraocular pressure can be elevated by drugs with

A

Anticholinergic effect

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12
Q

Consequence of untreated glaucoma

A

Total optic nerve atrophy

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13
Q

Types of glaucoma

A

Open angle glaucoma and closed angle glaucoma ( acute state)

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14
Q

If IOP doesn’t reach target with maximal triple therapy and optic nerve damage progresses next option is

A

Surgical treatment or laser therapy

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15
Q

Cataract

A

Clouding of natural lens of eye, usually associated with aging, circulatory and hormonal changes,long term use of drugs like corticosteroids.Mostbeffective treatment method is surgery

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16
Q

Intra ocular pressure reduction mechanisms

A

IOF production reduction,IOF uveoscleral outflow stimulation, Stimulation of IOF trabecular outflow,IOF osmotic outflow stimulation

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17
Q

IOF production reduction can be done using

A

Beta blockers, Alpha 2 adrenomimetics, carbonic anhydrase inhibitor

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18
Q

IOF uveoscleral outflow stimulation can be done using

A

Prostaglandin analogue and alpha 2 adrenomimetics

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19
Q

Stimulation of IOF trabecular outflow can be done by using

A

M cholinoreceptor agonist

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20
Q

IOF osmotic outflow stimulation can be done bynusing

A

Osmotic diuretics

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21
Q

Alpha 2 adrenomimetics helps to

A

Reduce IOf production and and increase IOF uveoscleral outflow

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22
Q

Beta blockers in glaucoma helps to

A

Reduce IOF production

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23
Q

Latanoprost ( prostaglandin analogue) action

A

PGF2 alpha receptor agonist,it stimulate intraocular fluid uveoscleral outflow and decrease IOP

Anti glaucoma effect

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24
Q

Clinical use of latanoprost (prostaglandin analogue)

A

For the reduction of elevated IOP in patients with open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension

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25
SE of latanoprost
Conjunctival hyperemia,eyelash growth,iris pigmentation
26
Brimonidine ( alpha 2 adrenoreceptor agonist) action
Reduce IOF production,stimulate IOF uveoscleral outflow -decrease IOP Anti glaucoma effect
27
Clinical use of brimonidine ( alpha 2 adrenomimetics)
For reduction of elevated IOP in patients with open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
28
SE of Brimonidine ( alpha 2 adrenomimetics)
Allergic reaction
29
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor ( Dorzolamide) action
Reduce intraocular fluid production Anti glaucoma effect
30
Clinical use of dorzolamide
For reduction of IOP in patients with open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension
31
SE of Dorzolamide ( Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor)
Local burning sensation, conjunctivitis
32
Treatment option for increase IOP in open angle glaucoma and ocular hypertension patients are
Dorzolamide ( carbonic anhydrase inhibitor), Brimonidine ( alpha 2 adrenomimetics), Latanoprost (prostaglandin analogue)
33
Synthetic retinoids eg
Isotretinoin
34
Local vit D preperations
Calcipo
35
Acne vulgaris
Chronic inflammation of hair follicles and sebaceous glands
36
Pathophysiology of acne vulgaris
Hyperseborrhea,changes in the growth and differentiation of follicular keratinocyte, anaerobic p.acne infection in follicles, inflammation and immune reactions
37
Atopic dermatitis or atopic eczema
Recurrent, inflammatory and itchy dermatosis that often begins in childhood,characterized by atopy( genetic predisposition to allergic rhinitis,asthma and food allergy) ,polymorphic( eczematous) rashes with certain localization,skin moisturization very imp
38
Psoriasis
Chronic autoimmune papulosquamous dermatosis of unclear etiology,changes in growth and differentiation of epidermal keratinocyte, disease progression affects bone joint system
39
Systemic therapy for psoriasis is starting only if
10 to 15% of the body surface is affected
40
In severe form of psoriasis , treatment
Both synthetic immunomodulators like purine antimetabolite and biological immunomodulators like TNF alpha inhibitors
41
Isotretinoin ( synthetic retinoids) action
A non selective, intracellular retinoic acid receptor agonist , decrease sebaceous glands activity,normalize the differentiation of follicular epithelial cells( keratinocyte),reduce formation of microcomedones- comedolytic effect, Inhibits pro inflammatory cytokines and activator protein AP1- anti inflammatory effects
42
The most important growth stimuting substrate for propion bacterium acne is
Fat ( reduction in sebum - decrease growth of bacteria in hair follicles)
43
Clinical use of isotretinoin
Severe forms of acne vulgaris
44
Contraindications of isotretinoin ( synthetic retinoids) is
Women with child bearing potential, pregnancy - risk of teratogenicity, breastfeeding period
45
All retinoids action on 2 receptors
The retinoic acid receptor ( RAR) and Retinoid X receptor (RXR)
46
47
Retinoids on RAR affect
Cell differentiation and proliferation
48
Retinoids on RXR induce
Cell apoptosis
49
Acute toxicity of retinoids resemble
Hypervitaminosis A
50
Acute retinoids overdose symptoms
Severe headache, photophobia, drowsiness, irritability,anorexia,nausea, vomiting,stomach pain,liver damage, itching ( dev within 2 days)
51
Chronic toxicity of retinoids common symptoms
Itching,erythema, peeling of skin
52
Other symptoms of chronic retinoids toxicity
Dry skin ,dry mucous membrane, conjunctivitis, impaired night vision ,hair loss,changes in liver transaminase ( hepatotoxicity),muscle and bone pain, intracranial hypertension
53
Treatment option for retinoids toxicity
Symptomatic treatment
54
Vit D3 analogue calcipotriol action
Synthetic calcitriol derivative, immunomodulatory and Antiproliferative effect ,they supress proliferation of keratinocyte and induce their differentiation .supress production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL8 and stimulate production of anti inflammatory cytokines IL 4 and 10
55
Clinical use of calcipotriol ( vit D3 analogue)
Psoriasis
56
In local therapy of psoriasis , a combination of vit D 3 analogue with ----++ is used
Glucocorticoid eg: calcipotriol+ betamethasone
57
First choice treatment for psoriasis and atopic dermatitis
Topical Glucocorticoid
58
In European countries, Topical Glucocorticoid is divided into ---- groups
4( group 1- weak action and group 4 very strong preperations)
59
Classification of Topical Glucocorticoid is based on
Dermal vasoconstriction coefficient
60
Strengths of preperations
Ointment - stronger group, cream- medium group,lotion- weaker group
61
The potency of topical Glucocorticoid can be enhanced by adding
Keratolytic agents( salicylic acid)
62
Use of emoliants ---- the frequency and duration of TGC
Reduces
63
In case of mild atopic dermatitis ---- TGCs are recommended
Weak TGC( cream or ointment) eg: hydrocortisone
64
In case of moderate to severeAD ,use
Medium or very strong TGCS eg: fluocinolone,truamcinolone, betamethasone
65
Most common SE of TGC
Skin changes like skin atrophy
66
FTU full form
Fingertip unit
67
Topical calcineurin inhibitors
Tacrolimus,pimecrolimius
68
Tacrolimus and pimecrolimius ( calcineurin inhibitors) use
As first line drugs on face ,skin folds and genital area and second line drugs infor antiinflammatory therapy in other areas
69
Calcineurin inhibitors are usedin psoriasis patients only if it is not
So extensive
70
Systemic Histamine 1 receptor antagonist clemastine are prescribed as
Adjunctive therapy in patients with atopic dermatitis to relieve pruritis.they can improve quality of life in patients with sleep disorders

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