Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

PANCE > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

(116 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Ectropion definition

A

eyelid/lashes are turned OUTWARD (everted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Entropion definition

A

eyelid/lashes turned INWARD (inverted)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Dacryocystitis definition and location

A

infection of lacrimal sac located on the MEDIAL CANTHAL (NASAL) side of lower lid area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Dacryocystitis S/S

A

Tearing, unilateral, PAINFUL edema, erythema, and warmth to nasal side of lower lid area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Acute TX of Dacryocystitis

A

Warm compresses + ABX

Clindamycin if mild, Vanc + Ceftriaxone if severe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the patho of posterior blepharitis?

A

Meibomian gland dysfunction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

S/S of blepharitis?

A

Crusting, scaling, red-rimming of eyelid with flaking on lashes or lid margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

TX of blepharitis

A

Mainstay –> Eyelid hygiene (warm compresses, eyelid scrubbing, lid washing with baby shampoo)

If severe –> Topical ABX (Azithromycin ointment, Erythromycin, Bacitracin)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is MCC of hordeolum

A

Staph aureus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is TX of hordeolum?

A

Mainstay –> Warm compresses
If no spontaneous drainage after 48h –> I&D
+/- topical ABX ointment (Erythromycin or Bacitracin) if active drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is a chalazion

A

Painless, larger, firmer, slow-growing indurated granuloma d/t obstruction of Zeis or Meibomian glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is TX of chalazion

A

Conservative –> Eyelid hygiene, warm compresses

Refractory –> Ophthal referral for injection of glucocorticoids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a pinguecula

A

Yellow, slightly elevated nodule on nasal side of sclera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What conditions increase risk of pinguecula?

A

Dry, windy, sunny conditions; ocular trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a pterygium

A

Elevated, superficial, fleshy, triangular-shaped growing fibrovascular mass

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What increases risk of pterygium?

A

UV exposure, sand, wind, dust exposure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is a globe rupture?

A

Blunt/penetrating trauma disrupts outer membranes of eye - OPHTHAL EMERGENCY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are s/s of globe rupture? 6 things

A

Decreased visual acuity
Enophthalmos
Mis-shapen pupil (tear-drop shape) Prolapse of iris through cornea
+ Seidel’s test (parting of Fluruoscein dye by aqueous humor)
Hyphema
Obscured red reflex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is TX for globe rupture?

A 
Rigid eye shield to protect eye
IV ABX
Tetanus PPX
Emergent opthal consult
\+/- CT scan of eye without contrast
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is MC type of orbital “blowout” fracture?

A

Inferior (floor, blowout)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is patho of inferior floor blowout fracture?

A

Orbital fat and/or inferior rectus muscle prolapse into maxillary sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are S/S of orbital floor blowout fracture?

A

Decreased visual acuity
Diplopia with upward gaze (inferior rectus muscle entrapment)
Orbital emphysema
Anesthesia to anteromedial cheek (stretching of infraorbital nerve)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What finding is seen on CT scan of orbital floor blowout fracture?

A

“Teardrop” sign - inferior herniation of orbital fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is TX of orbital floor blowout fractures?

A

Ampicillin-Sulbactam or Clindamycin
Nasal decongestants (decrease pain)
Corticosteroids (reduce edema)
Avoid blowing nose/sneezing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What gene is a/w retinoblastoma?
RB1 gene
26
What are s/s of retinoblastoma?
Leukocoria (presence of abnormal white reflex instead of normal red reflex), strabismus, nystagmus
27
What is MC type of macular degeneration?
Dry (atrophic)
28
What is the timing of dry and wet macular degneration?
Dry --> Progressive over decades | Wet --> More rapid and aggressive (within months)
29
What are S/S of macular degneration?
Bilateral, progressive, CENTRAL VISION LOSS (including detail and color vision) Central scotomas Metamorphopsia (straight lines appear bent)
30
What is seen on funduscopic exam of dry mac degeneration?
Drusen bodies (small round yellow-white spots on outer retina; localized deposits of extracellular material)
31
What is seen on funduscopic exam for wet mac degeneration?
New, abnormal vessels that cause retinal hemorrhaging and scarring
32
TX of dry macular degeneration?
Zinc, Antioxidant, Vitamin C and E
33
TX of wet mac degeneration?
``` VEGF Inhibitors (Bevacizumab, Ranibizumab) Laser photocoagulation ```
34
What s/s are seen in non-proliferative diabetic retinopathy?
Microaneurysms Cotton wool spots (soft exudates, fluffy, gray-white spots) Hard exudates (yellow spots with sharp margins) Blot and dot hemorrhages Flame-shaped hemorrhages
35
How to prevent diabetic retinopathy?
Diabetics should have annual eye exams
36
What are s/s of mild hypertensive retinopathy?
Arteriolar narrowing Abnormal light reflexes on dilated tortuous arteriole Copper wiring AV nicking
37
Hypertensive retinopathy moderate S/S are same as diabetic retinopathy =
Flame or dot-shaped hemorrhages, cotton wool spots, hard exudates, microaneurysms
38
What is severe hypertensive retinopathy s/s? (GRADE IV?
Both mild and moderate s/s + PAPILLEDEMA (blurring of optic disc)
39
What are RF of retinal detachment?
Myopia | Previous cataract surgery
40
What are S/S of retinal detachment?
Photopsia (flashing lights) --> floaters --> progressive, unilateral PERIPHERAL vision loss "Curtain coming down" in periphery
41
What is seen on funduscopy for retinal detachment?
Retinal tear (detached tissue "flapping" in vitreous humor)
42
What positive sign is seen with retinal detachment?
Shafer's sign = Clumping of brown-colored pigment in anterior vitreous humor resembling "tobacco dust"
43
TX of retinal detachment
Keep patient supine, OPTHAL EMERGENCY
44
What is MCC of neonatal conjunctivitis in first 2-5 days of life?
Gonococcal | TX: IM/IV Ceftriaxone
45
What is MCC of neonatal conjunctivitis in first 5-7 days of life?
Chlamydia trachomatis
46
What is TX for Chlamydia neonatal conjunctivitis?
Oral Erythromycin once sx occur
47
What is the standard neonatal PPX for neonatal conjunctivitis?
Erythromycin ointment immediately after birth
48
What does fluoroscein staining show for corneal abrasion?
"Ice rink" or linear abrasion | Relief with analgesic drops
49
What is TX for non-contact lens wearer corneal abrasion and ocular FB?
Erythromycin ointment, Polymyxin-Trimethoprim, Sulfacetamide
50
What is TX for contact lens wearer ocular FB and corneal abrasion?
Cover for Pseudomonas with Topical Ciprofloxacin or Ofloxacin (or Tobramycin or Gentamicin)
51
At one point is patching considered for corneal abrasions?
If large corneal abrasion (> 5mm)
52
When should rust-ring be removed for corneal abrasion or FB?
Remove rust ring at 24 hours
53
MCC bacterial conjunctivitis?
Staph aureus
54
S/S bacterial conjunctivitis?
Purulent discharge, lid crusting shut in the morning
55
TX of bacterial conjunctivitis in non-contact lens wearer
Erythromycin ointment, Polymyxin B-Trimethoprim, Fluoroquinolone's (Moxifloxacin, Ofloxacin)
56
TX of bacterial conjunctivitis in contact-lens wearer?
Topical Ciprofloxacin or Ofloxacin (or Tobramycin or Gentamicin)
57
MCC of viral conjunctivitis
Adenovirus
58
S/S of viral conjunctivitis
Copious watery tearing, ipsilateral preauricular LAD
59
TX of viral conjunctivitis
Supportive mainstay (warm/cool compress, antihistamines (Olopatadine)
60
S/S of allergic conjunctivitis
Red watery eyes, itching | Cobblestoning mucosa, chemosis (conjunctival edema)
61
TX of allergic conjunctivitis
Supportive, topical antihistamines (Olopatadine, Pheniramine-Naphazoline)
62
What do ocular alkali chemical burns cause?
Liquefactive necrosis, denatures proteins/collagens, thrombosis of vessels (WORSE than acids)
63
What do acidic ocular chemical burns cause?
Coagulative necrosis | Substances like cleaners, batteries
64
TX of ocular chemical burns
``` Immediate irrigation x 30 minutes until neutral pH achieved with LR or NS Topical ABX (Polymyxin-Trimethoprim, Erythromycin ointment, Moxifloxacin) ```
65
Esotropia definition
Cross-eyed; deviated INWARD (nasally)
66
Exotropia definition
Deviated OUTWARD (temporally)
67
What is initial DX for strabismus?
Hirschberg corneal light reflex testing --> asymmetric deflection of corneal light reflex in 1 eye
68
Strabismus TX
Patch therapy 1st line - Normal eye is covered
69
Orbital (septal) cellulitis S/S
Ocular pain with EYE MOVEMENTS Ophthalmoloplegia (EOM weakness) Bulging eyes, visual changes
70
DX for orbital (septal) cellulitis
CT scan shows infection of fat and ocular muscles behind septum
71
TX for orbital (septal) cellulitis
Admission + IV ABX (Vancomycin + Ceftriaxone or Cefotaxime) | Alt: Ampicillin-Sulbactam, Pip-Tazo, Clindamycin
72
Preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis MCC
staph aureus (MRSA)
73
preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis S/S
Unilateral ocular pain Eyelid erythema, edema NO ISSUES WITH OCULAR PAIN WITH EOM, BULGING, OR EOM WEAKNESS
74
TX for preseptal (periorbital) cellulitis for patients older than 1 year and mild disease
Outpatient management with PO Clindamycin monotherapy | Alt: Bactrim + Amoxicillin or Augmentin
75
What is MCC of corneal ulcer/bacterial keratitis in contact lens wearers?
Pseudomonas
76
What is greatest RF of corneal ulcer/bacterial keratitis development?
Improper contact lens wearing | Bells palsy, corticosteroid use
77
Corneal ulcer/bacterial keratitis S/S
Ocular pain, FB sensation, eye redness, photophobia, vision changes Eye redness, ciliary injection (limbal flush), hazy cornea
78
What is seen on slit lamp exam for corneal ulcer/bacterial keratitis?
Increased fluroscein uptake
79
What is TX for bacterial keratitis (corneal ulcer)
``` Topical Fluoroquinolone (Moxifloxacin, Gatifloxacin) Do NOT patch eye ```
80
What is sign for herpes keratitis?
Dendritic (branching) on fluoroscein staining
81
What is TX for herpes keratitis?
``` Topical antivirals (Trifluridine, Ganciclovir ointment) PO Acyclovir ```
82
What is seen on slit lamp for uveitis?
Inflammatory "cells and flare" Cells = WBCs Flare = Protein in vitreous humor
83
What are RF for cataracts?
Aging, cigarette smoking, DM
84
Congenital ToRCH is a/w what eye disorder?
Cataracts
85
S/S of cataracts
PAINLESS, slow/progressive, blurred or vision loss | Absent red reflex, opaque lens
86
What is TX for cataracts if visual changes affect ADLs
Surgery
87
What is papilledema?
Optic nerve (disc) swelling 2nd to increased ICP
88
What causes papilledema?
Severe (grade IV) HTN, idiopathic intracranial HTN, cerebral tumor, increased CSF
89
S/S of papilledema
Headache, N/V Enlarged blind spot Negative Marcus Gunn
90
What does papilledema look like on funduscopic exam?
Swollen optic disc with blurred margins
91
What is DX for papilledema?
Funduscopic exam MRI/CT of head (r/o mass effect) LP --> Increased CSF pressure
92
What is TX for papilledema?
Acetazolamide to decrease aqueous humor and CSF production
93
What is optic neuritis?
Demyelination of optic nerve (usually unilateral)
94
What is RF for optic neuritis?
MULTIPLE SLCEROSIS | Ethambutol (TB med)
95
What is S/S for optic neuritis?
PAINFUL, unilateral, loss of vision, decrease in COLOR VISION, central scotoma (blind spot)
96
What PE finding is seen with optic neuritis?
Positive Marcus Gunn pupil - relative afferent pupillary defect
97
What is TX for optic neuritis?
IV Methylprednisolone 1st line, then PO corticosteroids
98
If a lesion exists on the optic nerve or retina, what is visual pathway defect
Total blindness of ipsilateral eye
99
If lesion is lateral to optic chiasm?
Ipsilateral nasal hemianopsia
100
If lesion is midline to optic chiasm (at level of optic chiasm)?
Bitemporal heteronymous hemianopsia
101
If lesion at optic tract or in occipital lobe stroke?
Contralateral homonymous hemianopsia
102
What is patho of acute narrow-angle closure glaucoma?
Increased IOP --> damage of optic nerve; decreased drainage of aqueous humor via trabecular network and canal of Schlemm
103
what precipitates narrow angle-closure glaucoma?
Mydriasis (pupillary dilation) --> DIM LIGHTS
104
What are S/S of acute narrow-angle closure glaucoma?
Sudden severe, UNILATERAL, ocular pain Vision changes including HALOS AROUND LIGHTS Loss of PERIPHERAL vision (tunnel vision)
105
What is seen on PE of acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma?
Cloud, "steamy" cornea | Mid-dilated fixed pupil that reacts poorly to light
106
What is DX for acute narrow angle closure glaucoma?
Tonometry --> Increased IOP > 21
107
What is TX for acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma
Topical Timolol + Topical Apraclonidine + Topical Pilocarpine + Systemic Acetazolamide or Mannitol
108
What is DEFINITIVE TX for acute narrow angle-closure glaucoma
Iridotomy
109
What is MC presenting symptoms of chronic (open-angle) glaucoma?
Usually ASX, may present with vision loss (peripheral vision loss - tunnel vision)
110
What is TX for chronic (open-angle) glaucoma?
``` Reduce IOP = Latanoprost (Prostaglandin analog) Timolol (BB) Brimonidine (Alpha-2-agonist) Acetazolamide (Carbonic anyhydrase inhibitor) ```
111
What is MCC of central retinal artery occlusion?
Emboli from carotid artery atherosclerosis
112
What is S/S for central retinal artery occlusion?
Acute, sudden, PAINLESS, unilateral vision loss +/- "curtain coming down"
113
What does funduscopic exam for central retinal artery occlusion show?
Pale retina with cherry red macula | Boxcar appearance of retinal vessels
114
What is TX for central retinal artery occlusion?
Supportive: CO2 rebreathing, O2, ocular massage, decompression of anterior chamber (Acetazolamide) POOR PROGNOSIS
115
What is s/s for central retinal vein occlusion?
Sudden, PAINLESS, unilateral vision loss
116
What is seen on funduscopic exam for central retinal vein occlusion?
Extensive retinal hemorrhages (blood and thunder appearance) | Retinal vein dilation

PANCE (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions