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ENT/Ophthalmology > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Which 4 muscles of the eye does the oculomotor nerve supply?

A

Superior rectus
Medial rectus
Inferior rectus
Inferior oblique

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2
Q

Which eye muscle does the trochlear nerve supply?

A

Superior oblique

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3
Q

Which eye muscle does the abducens nerve supply?

A

Lateral rectus

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4
Q

Define cataracts

A

Clouding of the lens which develops gradually with age

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5
Q

How does cataracts affect vision?

A

Blurred vision for distance and near

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6
Q

Give 4 risk factors for cataracts

A
  • Age
  • Diabetes
  • Steroid use
  • Congenital
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7
Q

How does cataracts present?

A
  • Gradual painless blurred vision

- Glare at night

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8
Q

How will a cataract appear on examination?

A

Yellow/brown colour

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9
Q

When is cataract surgery carried out?

A

Only when patient is symptomatic and it affects their life

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10
Q

Give 3 post-op cataract surgery complications

A

o Uveitis
o Cystoid macular oedema
o Retinal detachment

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11
Q

Define glaucoma

A

Progressive, degenerative optic neuropathy

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12
Q

What is the difference between primary and secondary glaucoma?

A

Primary: no discernible cause

Secondary: a known causative factor

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13
Q

What is the general mechanism of pathology of glaucoma?

A

High pressure and damage to the optic nerve

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14
Q

Give 3 treatment options for glaucoma

A
  • Drops
  • Laser treatment
  • Surgery
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15
Q

Give 4 important points when taking a loss of vision history

A
  • Pain?
  • Uni or bilateral?
  • Sudden/gradual?
  • complete/partial?
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16
Q

Give 4 causes of sudden vision loss

A
  • Retinal detachment
  • Wet ARMD
  • Retinal artery occlusion
  • Optic neuritis
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17
Q

Give 4 causes of gradual vision loss

A
  • Cataract
  • Glaucoma
  • Dry ARMD
  • Diabetes
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18
Q

Give 4 risks for ARMD

A
  • Age
  • Smoking
  • Fx
  • Female
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19
Q

Define dry ARMD

A

Progressive atrophy with loss of photoreceptors and development of drusen and atrophy

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20
Q

What is the treatment of dry ARMD?

A

Nothing

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21
Q

Define wet ARMD

A

Neovascular growth of capillaries from choroid into subretinal space causing leakage and bleeding

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22
Q

What is the treatment of wet ARMD?

A

Intravitreal anti-VEGF injection

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23
Q

How does retinal detachment present?

A

Sudden vision loss like a curtain coming down

Unilateral and painless

Flashes and floaters

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24
Q

Give 3 risks for retinal detachment

A
  • Age
  • Trauma
  • Previous cataract surgery
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25
Give 3 treatment options for retinal detachment
- Vitrectomy - Laser/cryotherapy to seal the hole - Gas/oil to tamponade the break
26
What is usually the cause of retinal artery occlusion?
Embolic
27
What are the signs of retinal artery occlusion?
Pale/swollen retina | Cherry red spot
28
Which condition is retinal artery occlusion associated with?
Giant cell arteritis
29
What is usually the cause of retinal vein occlusion?
Atherosclerosis
30
What should also be done in terms of follow-up for patients with retinal artery occlusion?
Referral to TIA clinic as usually embolic cause
31
Give 4 signs of retinal vein occlusion
o Torturous vessels o Disc swelling o “flame” haemorrhages o Cotton wool spots
32
How does optic neuritis present?
Gradual onset reduced vision over 2 weeks Pain on eye movement
33
Which drug hastens recovery of optic neuritis but doesn't change outcome?
IV Methylprednisolone
34
Define anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy
Interruption of blood supply to optic nerve head
35
Give 4 ways in which anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy may present
o Reduced vision o Reduced colour vision o Visual field defect o Disc swelling
36
How is anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy managed?
Urgently with IV methylprednisolone
37
Give 3 traumatic causes of red eye
- Abrasion - Foreign body - Chemical injury
38
Give 3 non-traumatic causes of red eye
- Conjunctivitis - Corneal Ulcer - Iritis
39
Give 3 causes of conjunctivitis
- Bacterial Infection - Chlamydia - Allergy
40
What is papillae and how does it appear on examination?
A vascular response, cobblestone arrangement of flattened nodules with a central vascular core
41
Define chemosis
Swelling/oedema of conjunctiva
42
What does gonococcal infection do to the eye and how is it treated?
Severe purulent discharge Tx: Topical and systemic ABX, GUM referral
43
What affect does chlamydia have on the eye and what is the treatment?
Mucopurulent discharge and oedema Tx: topical and systemic ABX, GUM referral
44
Give 3 risks for a corneal ulcer
Trauma Contact lens user Dry eyes
45
Give 4 clinical features of a corneal ulcer
- Pain - Foreign body sensation - Redness - Photophobia
46
Which investigation can be used for a corneal ulcer?
Corneal scrape if ulcer >1mm
47
What is the management of a corneal ulcer?
Topical Ganciclovir ointment | Broad spectrum ABX before cultures back
48
Give 2 features and the treatment of scleritis
Acute red eye Pain on eye movement Tx: Oral steroid Investigate for underlying vasculitis
49
What is Uveitis?
Inflammation of the uveal tract (iris, ciliary body and choroid)
50
Give 4 causes of uveitis
- Idiopathic - Trauma - Infection - RA
51
In general, what is the treatment of uveitis?
Steroids
52
Give 2 risk factors for angle closure glaucoma
Older age | Long-sighted
53
Give 3 symptoms of angle closure glaucoma
- Severe pain - Headache - Photophobia
54
Give 3 management options while waiting for an urgent ENT review in angle closure glaucoma
IV mannitol Topical steroid Topical pressure lowering drops
55
Define hyphaema
Blood in the anterior chamber of the eye
56
Define Age-related macular degeneration
Atrophy of retinal pigment epithelium or growth of choroidal vessels due to atrophy
57
What will patient's with ARMD describe seeing?
Loss of central vision and kinks in straight lines
58
What causes amblyopia (lazy eye)?
Halting of development of visual axis between eye and brain
59
Give 3 treatment options for amblyopia
- Glasses - Patch over good eye - Atropine penalization (into good eye which blurs vision of good eye forcing them to use bad eye)
60
What is the treatment for orbital cellulitis?
Immediate ABX CT for abscesses ENT input
61
Define strabismus
Incorrect positioning of the eye due to muscle positioning with no CN involvement
62
Define retinopathy of prematurity
<32 weeks or LBW, retina doesn’t fully develop and areas of ischaemia develop, new blood vessels try to grow which causes bleeds and scarring
63
Give 2 management options for retinopathy of prematurity
- Anti VEGF injections | - Surgery
64
Give 2 causes of an absent red reflex at a neonatal check
- Retinoblastoma | - Congenital cataracts

ENT/Ophthalmology (2 decks)

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