Ophthalmology

Question 1

Clinical sign which may refer to vesicles on the tip or side of the nose which precedes the development of Herpes Zoster

Answer 1

Hutchinson’s sign

Question 2

Transient visual loss “like a curtain coming down” without headache. Refer to TIA clinic to improve circulation

Answer 2

Amaurosis Fugax

Question 3

Causes of sudden visual loss- CARDIGAN

Answer 3

Congenital
Age related macular degeneration
Refractive error
Diabetic Retinopathy
Inherited diseases
Glaucoma
Access
Non urgent

Question 4

Causes of Red Eye

Answer 4

Conjunctivitis
Keratitis
Anterior Uveitis
Scleritis/Episcleritis
Acute Angle Closed Glaucoma

Question 5

Composition of CSF

Answer 5

• More enriched in chloride

- Lower K, glucose and protein

Question 6

Pathologies relating to CSF

Answer 6

Tumour, haemorrhage, hydrocephalus

Question 7

Composition of aqueous humor

Answer 7

• Bathes structures within the eyes
• Provides oxygen and metabolites
• Contains bicarbonate to buffer H produced by eye structures

Question 8

Causes of Conjunctivititis

Answer 8

Infective: viral, bacterial or chlamydial

-Allergic, chemical or eczema

Question 9

Causes of Keratitis

Answer 9

Central: infective, fungal, bacteria or Acanthaobae
Peripheral: RA, Wegener’s, autoimmune

Question 10

Symptoms in Keratitis

Answer 10

Needle like pain, photophobia, circumcorneal redness

Question 11

Symptoms of Anterior Uveitis

Answer 11

• Referred pain
• Reduced vision
• Photophobia

Question 12

Signs of Anterior Uveitis

Answer 12

Hypopyon, synechaeia, pupil smaller on affected side

Question 13

Treatment in Chylaydmial conjunctivitis

Answer 13

Oxytetracycline

Question 14

Fusidic acid

Answer 14

Staph Aureus

Question 15

Gentamicin

Answer 15

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa

Question 16

Cause of conjunctivitis in neonates

Answer 16

• Neisseria Gonorrhoea
• Chlymydia Trachomatis
• Staph aureus

Question 17

Treatment in bacterial conjunctivitis

Answer 17

Swab then chlorophenical

Question 18

Causes of viral conjunctivitis

Answer 18

• Adenovirus
• Herpes simplex (white vesicles)
• Herpes Zoster (Hutchinson’s sign)

Question 19

Treatment of bacterial keratitis

Answer 19

• Hypopyon
• Corneal scrapes
• Hourly Abx drops

Question 20

Treatment of herpetic keratitis

Answer 20

• Dendritic ulcer
• Very painful and recurrent
• DO NOT GIVE STEROIDS
• Local anaesthetic as may refuse to open eye

Question 21

Treatment of advenoviral keratitis

Answer 21

• Bilateral, following URTI, contagious

- Give topical Abx for secondary prevention

Question 22

Follicles under tarsus

Answer 22

Chylamdial infection

Question 23

Risk factors for Fungal keratitis and organisms

Answer 23

• Contact lens wearers
• Acanthamoeba
• Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Question 24

Organism causing Endophthalmitis?

Answer 24

• Staph epidermidis

- Post surgical

Question 25

Treatment of Endophthalmitis?

Answer 25

Intravitreal amikacin and vancomycin and topical antibiotics

Question 26

Causes of Chorioretinitis

Answer 26

``` CMV in AIDS Toxoplasma gondii (mild flu like, immunocompromised) Toxocara canis (worm, self limiting, granuloma) ```

Question 27

Action of Chloraphenicol

Answer 27

Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis

Question 28

Dacrocystitis

Answer 28

Stasis of tears from nasolacrimal duct

Question 29

Only part of the eye with lymphatic drainage?

Answer 29

Conjunctiva

Question 30

Downregulated immune environment and relative lack of antigen presenting cells in the eye?

Answer 30

Cornea and Sclera