Ophthalmology

Question 1

Chalazion

Answer 1

Enlargement of the meibomian gland due to a blockage of
its duct and inspissation of its secretory products.

Question 2

Hordeolum

Answer 2

– purulent bacterial
infection of the meibomian
gland

Question 3

• Meibomianitis

Answer 3

involvement of
multiple glands

Question 4

Cherry eye

Answer 4

Prolapsed gland of the third eyelid

Question 5

The only indication for removal of the gland of the third eyelid or
entire third eyelid

Answer 5

Neoplasia

Question 6

Two common techniques for the treatment of cherry eye

Answer 6

1. Morgan pocket technique
2. Orbital tacking

Question 7

What complication can occur with improper morgan pocket techniqu?

Answer 7

cyst formation if tears are not
allowed to drain from either end of
the two incisions

Question 8

Goblet cells

Answer 8

produce the mucinous layer of the tear film normally
and respond to inflammation by increasing production of mucus.

Question 9

Lymphoid follicles – Presence anywhere but the bulbar surface of the third
eyelid indicates _________________.

Answer 9

nonspecific antigenic stimulation

Question 10

Thin vessels under the epithelium

Answer 10

‘Conjunctival vessels’

Question 11

Larger, deeper vessels

Answer 11

‘Episceral vessels’

Question 12

Conjunctival hyperemia

Answer 12

congestion of superficial, or conjunctival
vessels.

Question 13

Episcleral injection

Answer 13

Congestion of deeper and larger episcleral vessels.
Identifiable vessels that course perpendicular to the limbus

Question 14

What is used to differ episcleral injection from hyperemia?

Answer 14

phenylephrine

Question 15

Strongest topical antiinflammatory steroid

Answer 15

Neomycin-Polymycin-Dexamethasone

Question 16

Topical NSAID

Answer 16

Diclofenac

Question 17

Topical T-cell inhibitor antiinflammatory

Answer 17

Optimmune (cyclosporin) 0.2%

Question 18

Feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis is a secondary disorder to what?

Answer 18

Feline herpesvirus conjunctivitis

Question 19

Most common cause of feline conjunctivitis and feline keratitis

Answer 19

FHV-1

Question 20

Epithelium containing tissues that herpes loves

Answer 20

mucoepithelial cells of tonsils, conjunctiva, nasal mucosa,
and cornea

Question 21

Latent FHV-1 virus becomes reactivated mainly due to what?

Answer 21

environmental stress

Question 22

Symblepharon

Answer 22

permanent adhesion between the conjunctiva and the cornea

Question 23

Dendritic ulceration is pathgnomonic for

Answer 23

FHV-1

Question 24

“ghost vessels” and
very early sequestrum
from previous corneal
ulceration can be seen in

Answer 24

FHV-1

Question 25

Treatment of ocular FHV-1

Answer 25

Antivirals: Topical Cidofovir 0.5% Oral Famciclovir Supportive care: Topical Erythromycin

Question 26

Autoimmune and may be related to FHV-1 infection

Answer 26

Feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis

Question 27

Raised white or yellow corneal and/or conjunctival infiltrates specific for

Answer 27

Feline eosinophilic keratoconjunctivitis

Question 28

Second most common cause of conjunctivitis behind FHV-1

Answer 28

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

Question 29

Chemosis is specific for \_\_\_\_\_\_\_

Answer 29

Chlamydia

Question 30

Diagnosis of chlamydial conjunctivitis

Answer 30

cytology - intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies

Question 31

Diagnosis of mycoplasma

Answer 31

Cytology – Numerous coccoid membrane associated bacterial inclusions

Question 32

Oral ulceration pathognomonic for which disease?

Answer 32

Calicivirus

Question 33

3 layers of the tear film

Answer 33

Lipid – outermost Aqueous – middle Mucinous – innermost

Question 34

3 Functions of the tear film

Answer 34

Nourish • Cleanse • Protect

Question 35

What produces the aqueous layer of the tear film?

Answer 35

Lacrimal gland and gland of 3rd eyelid

Question 36

Goes to the veterinarian for eye discharge. Receives topical antibiotic and the discharge clears. Antibiotic is stopped and the discharge returns. What diagnostic test should be performed in these cases?

Answer 36

Schermer tear test

Question 37

Diagnosis of aqueous layer disorders

Answer 37

1. Superficial corneal and conjunctival inflammation = keratoconjunctivitis + 2. Schirmer Tear Test I

Question 38

Causes of Quantitative KCS

Answer 38

* Immune mediated destruction of lacrimal tissue * Excision of the third eyelid gland * parasympathetic CN VII lesions * Canine Distemper Virus * Drugs

Question 39

Quantitative KCS diagnosis

Answer 39

Quantitative KCS = Aqueous deficiency Schirmer Tear Test \<15mm/min + clinical signs

Question 40

In the majority of KCS cases, topical ______________ is the mainstay of therapy and twice daily treatment controls clinical signs if it is given for life

Answer 40

cyclosporine

Question 41

Treatment of KCS

Answer 41

Cyclosporine A - If no response - Tacrolimus

Question 42

four objectives of KCS treatment

Answer 42

Replace tears -lube Stimulate more tears and reduce inflammation - cyclosporin Temporary Antibiotic

Question 43

Pathophysiology of Neurogenic KCS

Answer 43

Loss of parasympathetic innervation to the lacrimal gland and ipsilateral nostril

Question 44

Indication for Pilocarpine. What type of drug is it?

Answer 44

neurogenic KCS parasympathomemetic

Question 45

Pathophys and presentation of K9 distemper KCS

Answer 45

Pathophysiology: Viral destruction of lacrimal glandular epithelium Clinical presentation: young dogs without proper vaccination. Acute and Severe.

Question 46

WHat t do when medical therapy for KCS fails?

Answer 46

Parotid duct transposition

Question 47

What produces the lipid layer of the tear film?

Answer 47

Meibomian glands

Question 48

What stabilizes the aqueous layer of the tear film and prevents evaporation?

Answer 48

Lipid layer

Question 49

superficial keratoconjunctivitis with a normal STT I and without any other identifiable cause

Answer 49

qualitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Question 50

What produces the mucinous tear film layer and what is its function?

Answer 50

Conjunctival goblet cells Creates surface tension that anchors the aqueous and lipid layer to the cornea

Question 51

Diagnosis of mucin layer disorders

Answer 51

qualitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca Tear Film Breakup Time (TFBUT)

Question 52

Corneal fibrosis

Answer 52

disorganized epithelium and stroma create a whitish hazy appearance

Question 53

Treatment of Qualitative keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Answer 53

Lube and immunomodulating

Question 54

Epiphora

Answer 54

an overflow of tears on the face

Question 55

Imperforate Punctum

Answer 55

aplasia of the punctum

Question 56

Uncomplicated/Simple Ulcer

Answer 56

A superficial corneal ulcer that heals in 7 days or less

Question 57

Characteristic of an indolent ulcer

Answer 57

lack of epithelial adherence to stroma

Question 58

Collagenolysis

Answer 58

enzymatic destruction of corneal collagen

Question 59

– Keratomalacia

Answer 59

Softening or “melting” of the corneal stroma due to collagenolysis • From bacteria/fungi and neutrophil enzymes

Question 60

Most common bacteria assocciated with a melting ulcer

Answer 60

Pseudomonas aeruginosa