Ophthalmology Flashcards
(51 cards)
What is an arcuate scotoma? (1)
An arc-shaped defect of vision arising in an area near the blind spot and extending toward it
What is the pathophysiology of primary open angle glaucoma? (3)
Gradual increasing of resistance to outflow of aqueous humour through the trabecular network
The increasing pressure slowly causes nerve damage and visual loss
What is seen on fundoscopy in primary open angle glaucoma? (2)
Cupped optic disc
Disc haemorrhages
Optic atrophy
What is normal intraoccular pressure?
10-22 mmHg
When and how often is glaucoma screening done for at risk patients? (2)
Over 30 years old
Every 2 years
What is the first line management for open angle glaucoma? (2)
Topical prostaglandin analogue
Topical beta blocker
What are the presenting features of acute closed angle glaucoma? (3)
Red, painful eye
Visual disturbance - haloes
Vomiting
What is an exacerbating and a relieving factor for closed angle glaucoma? (2)
Worse in the dark (as the pupil dilates)
Relieved by sleep (as the pupil constricts)
What are risk factors for acute angle glaucoma? (3)
Longsightedness with a shallow anterior chamber
Diabetes
Medications that causes dilation - such as antihistamines
What is the acute management for acute closed angle glaucoma? (4)
What is the definitive treatment? (1)
Topical B-blockers (Timolol) – decrease aqueous production
Carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (Acetazolamide) – decreases aqueous production
Osmotic agents (oral glycerin + IV mannitol)
Miotic (pilocarpine) – constrict pupil to open outflow angle
Surgery - laser iridotomy
What occurs as arcuate scotomas progress? (1)
Tunnel vision
What occular condition is associated with inflammatory bowel disease? (1)
How does this eye condition present? (3)
Uveitis
Painful, red photophobic eye with blurred vision
Where is the lesion located in bitemporal hemianopia? (1)
The optic chiasm
If there is cotralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing, what is the pathology? (1)
Posterior cerebellar artery occlusion
Name two causes of bitemporal hemianopia and whether they affect inferior of superior vision first (4)
Crainopharyngioma - inferior (grow above the optic chiasm)
Pituitary tumour - superior (grow below the optic chiasm)
In which lobe of the brain is a lesion if there is superior quadrantanopia? Is it ipsilateral or contralateral visual loss? (2)
Temporal, contralateral
In which lobe of the brain is a lesion if there is inferior quadrantanopia? Is it ipsilateral or contralateral visual loss? (2)
Parietal, contralateral
What visual defect would a lesion of the right optic tract cause? (2)
Left homonymous hemianopia
What are the features of Holmes-Adie syndrome? (3)
A slow reacting pupil to bight light ‘sluggish reflexes’
Excess sweating
Loss of deep tendon reflexes
What are the triad of symptoms in Horner’s syndrome? (3)
Ptosis
Miosis
Anhidrosis
What are the stages of diabetic retinopathy? (3)
Background
Pre-proliferative
Proliferative
What changes may be seen on fundoscopy in background diabetic retinopathy? (4)
micro-aneurysms Haemorrhages Retinal thickening <5 microinfarcts Normal blood vessels
In which type of diabetes is proliferative retinopathy more common? (1)
Type 1
What is seen in grade 1 hypertensive retinopathy? (2)
Ateriolar narrowing
Silver wiring
