Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Conditions-3 > Ophthalmology > Flashcards

Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

What is cataracts?

A

The opacification of the crystalline lens.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What are the risk factors for cataracts?

A 
Age > 65 years
Smoking
Long term UV exposure
Diabetes Mellitus
Eye trauma 
Long term ocular corticosteroid use
FHx of congenital cataract or congenital toxins
Uveitis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the aetiology for cataracts?

A 
The normal ageing process
Trauma
Metabolic disorders (hereditary or acquired)
Medications
Congenital problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the epidemiology for cataracts?

A

Cataracts accounts for 51% of reversible blindness worldwide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of cataracts?

A

Gradual decrease in vision over many years
-DM: relatively sudden reduction in vision
Blurred or cloudy vision
Washed out colour vision
Glare- particularly driving at night
Inadequate glasses prescription

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are the signs of cataracts on physical examination?

A

Reduced visual acuity

Defects in the red reflex (seen on ophthalmoscopy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the appropriate investigations for cataracts?

A

Dilated fundus examination: fundus and optic nerve normal
Intra-ocular pressure: normal (or may be elevated if associated with glaucoma)
Glare vision test: significant cataract- reduced visual acuity under the conditions of glare stress*
Slit lamp examination of the anterior chamber: cataract visible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is conjunctivitis?

A

Inflammation of the lining of the eyelids and eyeball

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the aetiology of conjunctivitis?

A 
Caused by:
Bacteria
Viruses
Allergic or immunological reactions
Mechanical irritation
Medicines

Bacterial and viral conjunctivitis is highly contagious

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the risk factors for conjunctivitis?

A 
Exposure to infected person
Infection in one eye
Environmental irritants 
Allergen exposure
Mechanical irritation 
Chronic contact lens useful
Camps/ swimming pools
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of conjunctivitis?

A 
Watery discharge (viral)
Ropy/ mucoid discharge, itching (allergic)
Purulent discharge (bacterial)
Eyelids stuck together in the morning (bacterial and viral)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the signs of conjunctivitis on physical examination?

A

Tender pre-auricular lymphadenopathy (more common in viral than bacterial infection)
Conjunctival follicles- round collections of lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the appropriate investigations for conjunctivitis?

A

1st line:
Rapid adenovirus immunoassay- 2 visible lines equal positive
Others:
Cell culture/ Gram stain/ PCR- isolate viral or bacterial strains, amplify DNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is glaucoma?

A

Optic neuropathy with visual field loss and blindness usually associated with sustained raised intra-ocular pressure (ocular hypertension = IOP > 21 mmHg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the aetiology for glaucoma?

A

Primary causes: Acute closed-angle glaucoma (ACAG), primary opened-angle glaucoma (POAG), chronic closed-angle glaucoma.
Secondary causes: Trauma, uveitis, steroids, rubeosis iridis (diabetes, central retinal vein occlusion)
Congenital: Buphthalmos (enlargement of the eyeball), other inherited ocular disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the uvea?

A 
Vascular coat of the eyeball and lies between the sclera and retina.
Composed of 3 parts:
-Iris
-Ciliary body
-Choroid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe the anterior chamber

A

Between the cornea and lens and filled with clear aqueous fluid which is nutrient-rich

18
Q

What is the role of the ciliary body?

A

Secrete aqueous fluid into the anterior chamber

19
Q

What structure drains the aqueous fluid out of the eye?

A

Trabecular meshwork through the canal of Schlemm

20
Q

What is normal intraocular pressure?

A

12-21 mmHg

21
Q

What is Primary Open Angle Glaucoma?

A

The most common form of glaucoma- “trabecular meshwork dysfunction”

22
Q

What is closed angle glaucoma?

A

Where increased ocular pressure pushes the iris/lens complex forwards, blocking the trabecular meshwork which drains the aqueous fluid- exacerbates the problem increasing pressure further

Can be acute or chronic

23
Q

What is the epidemiology for glaucoma?

A

Prevalence 1 % in over 40 years, 10 % in over 80 years (POAG).
Third most common cause of blindness worldwide.

24
Q

What are the presenting symptoms in acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

Painful red eye
Vomiting
Impaired vision
Haloes around lights.

25
Q

What are the presenting symptoms in primary open angle glaucoma?

A

Usually asymptomatic- peripheral visual field loss may be noticed

26
Q

What are the signs of acute closed angle glaucoma on physical examination (slit lamp)?

A 
Red eye
Hazy cornea
Loss of red reflex
Fixed and dilated pupil
Eye tender and hard on palpation
Cupped optic disc
Visual field defect - arcuate scotoma = arc shaped visual defect near blind spot
Moderately raised IOP.
27
Q

What are the risk factors for acute closed angle glaucoma?

A 
Small eye (hypermetropia)
Narrow angle at trabecular meshwork
28
Q

What are the signs of primary open angle glaucoma on physical examination (slit lamp)?

A

Usually no signs.

Optic disc may be cupped.

29
Q

What are the appropriate investigations for glaucoma?

A

-Goldmann tonometry: measure ocular pressure
(normal 15 mmHg, POAG 22–40 mmHg, ACAG > 60 mmHg)
-ophthalmoscopy: measure cup to disc ratio
-*Gonioscopy: definitive test for angle closure glaucoma (trabecular meshwork is not visible in angle closure, because the peripheral iris is in contact with it)

30
Q

What is uveitis?

A

Inflammation of one or all parts of the uvea

31
Q

What is the anterior uvea composed of?

A

The iris and ciliary body

32
Q

What can irritation of the anterior uvea cause?

A

Acute painful symptoms and photophobia

33
Q

What risk can inflammation of the posterior uvea cause?

A

Painless visual loss

34
Q

What is the aetiology of uveitis?

A

Divided into idiopathic, infectious, and non-infectious causes.

35
Q

What are some of the infectious causes of uveitis?

A 
Herpes simplex virus
HIV
Lyme disease
Syphilis
TB
36
Q

What are some of the non-infectious causes of uveitis?

A 
Inflammatory bowel disease
Autoimmune disorders
Sarcoidosis
Multiple sclerosis
Eye trauma
37
Q

What are the risk factors for uveitis?

A

Inflammatory diseases of the joints, bowels or skin

History of ocular trauma and high risk occupation

38
Q

What is the epidemiology of uveitis?

A

Can affect individuals of any age, sex, or geographical location without preference

39
Q

What are the presenting symptoms of uveitis?

A 
Pain (anterior uveitis)
Decreased vision (blurred, visual field loss)
Tearing
Photophobia
Eye redness without discharge (anterior)
40
Q

What are the signs of uveitis seen on physical examination?

A

Flare: the hallmark of anterior uveitis, light scattering within the anterior chamber of the eye
Constricted/ non-reactive pupil (anterior)
Synchiae: seen during acute inflammation
(iris adherence to the cornea in anterior or lens in posterior)
Keratin precipitates: lymphocyte aggregation on the conceal endothelium
Optic disc swelling and retinal haemorrhages (posterior uveitis)

41
Q

What are the appropriate investigations for uveitis?

A

1st line investigation: clinical diagnosis (history, symptoms and examination)
Others:
-FBC (elevated WCC in infection)
-ESR/ CRP (inflammation)
-HLA-B27 positive for patients with uveitis
-antibodies for infectious causes

Conditions-3 (18 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions