Ophthamology

Question 1

Commonly available and projects light of adequate brightness to effectively assess cranial nerve function. LED lights are discouraged as they can harm the retina

Answer 1

Finoff Transilluminator

Question 2

Topical anitcholinergic that has a short duration of action (2-4 hours) used to facilitate examination of the posterior segment of the eye by dilating the pupil

Answer 2

Tropicamide

Question 3

Tests for an intact affront trigeminal nerve (CN V) and efferent facial nerve (CN VII). Medial and lateral aspect of eyelid needs to be touched as these areas are inner gated by two distinct branches of trigeminal nerve.

Answer 3

Palpebral reflex

Question 4

Evaluates for an intact affect optic nerve (CN II), cortical vision processing, and intact efferent (CN VII) by creating a menacing gesture near the eye and eliciting a blink response. Young animals develop the response between 12-16 weeks

Answer 4

Menace response

Question 5

Tests for intact affront (CN II) and efferent oculomotor nerve (CN III) and is elicited by a bright light source observing constitution of pupil

Answer 5

Pupillary light reflex (PLR)

Question 6

Evaluates an intact affront (CN II) and efferent facial nerve (CN VII) and is elicited using a very bright light source placed close to the eye. You should see your patient blink or move away from the light.

Answer 6

Dazzle reflex

Question 7

Used to evaluate an intact peripheral and central vestibular apparatus including CN VIII, II, IV, and VI by briskly moving the patients head up and down observing eye movement.

Answer 7

Oculocephalic reflex

Question 8

Assesses for an intact afferent CN V and efferent CN VI and VII by touching the corneal surface and looking for globe retraction

Answer 8

Corneal reflex

Question 9

Nasolacrimal patency can be confirmed by observing fluorescein stain emerging from the nostril. False negatives are common

Answer 9

Jones test

Question 10

Stains that can be used to highlight abnormalities of the tear film, corneal epithelium or conjunctival epithelium.

Answer 10

Rose bengal and lissamine green

Question 11

Normal eye pressure with tonometry in dogs and cats

Answer 11

12-18mmHg

Question 12

When eye pressures are greater than 25 mmHg accompanying vision loss

Answer 12

Glaucoma

Question 13

Reduces the intraocular pressure via a break down of the blood ocular barrier. Differences of pressure >8mmHg between eyes is considered abnormal and can be helpful in diagnosing this

Answer 13

Uveitis

Question 14

Refers to everything that supports the eye such as the orbit, periocular skin, eyelids, third eyelid, conjunctiva

Answer 14

Adnexa

Question 15

Most commonly used to discriminate dark funds lesions were blood or hemorrhage is equivocally present. Hemorrhage will appear black

Answer 15

Red free light (green on direct ophthalmoscope)

Question 16

On off switch used to adjust light intensity on the direct ophthalmoscope

Answer 16

Rheostat

Question 17

The higher this is the greater the refraction of light off the lens and greater field of view during indirect exam. This is inversely related to the length of the focal point.

Answer 17

Diopter

Question 18

When selecting a lens for indirect exams the examiner balances these two factors

Answer 18

Field of view and magnification

Question 19

Protrusion or anterior displacement of the globe relative to it’s normal position within the orbit. Caused by space occupying orbital lesions

Answer 19

Exophthalmos

Question 20

Common in working dogs and dogs who are prone to chewing ons ticks. Signs include acute, painful, unilateral exophthalmos. Dogs often febrile and show leukocytosis on CBC

Answer 20

Retrobulbar cellulitis/ Abscessation

Question 21

Caused by leakage of ALI a from the gland or duct with subsequent inflammation and fibrous tissue reaction

Answer 21

Zygomatic salivary gland mucocele

Question 22

Typically found in younger dogs and can cause unilateral or bilateral exophthalmos. Masseter and temoralis muscles are typically swollen and painful when palpated. Type IIM fiber autoantibodies found with biopsy is diagnosic

Answer 22

Masticatory muscle myositis

Question 23

Often occurs in Golden retrievers and Labs. Classic bilateral exophthalmos with prominent scleral showing

Answer 23

Extraocular myositis

Question 24

Abnormal recession of the eye within the orbit. Caused by pain, dehydration, emaciation, horners syndrome

Answer 24

Exophthalmos

Question 25

Small shrunken globe caused by severe and chronic inflammation

Answer 25

Phthisis bulbi

Question 26

Sphincter like muscle that closes the eyelid. Innervated by CN VII

Answer 26

Orbicularis oculi

Question 27

Sphincter like muscle that closes the eyelid. Innervated by CN VII

Answer 27

Orbicularis oculi

Question 28

Opens the upper eyelid. Innervated by CN III

Answer 28

Lavatory palpebral superioris

Question 29

Smooth muscle that opens the upper eyelid. Innervated by GVE sympathetic efferent and responsible for ptosis seen in Horners syndrome

Answer 29

Mullers muscle

Question 30

Fibrous plate that surrounds the tarsal or meibomian glands and provides structural rigidity to the eyelids and is important for surgical closure of lid lacerations

Answer 30

Tarsus

Question 31

Sebaceous glands that exit in an orderly row at the eyelid margin and provide the outermost stabilizing layer of the tear film.

Answer 31

Meibomian glands

Question 32

Inward rolling of the eyelid margin. Common in brachycephalics.

Answer 32

Entropion

Question 33

Eyelids are not appropriately conformed to the eye as a primary condition. Unrelated to ocular surface pain

Answer 33

An atomic entropion

Question 34

Most common surgical method of entropion repair. Important to incise close to the eyelid margin in order to effectively evert the tissue

Answer 34

Modified Hotz Celsus

Question 35

Incomplete eyelid closure and globe coverage or the inability to completely close the eyelids. Caused by brachycephalic breeds, buphthalmos, neurological dysfunction, retrobulbar masses

Answer 35

Lagophthalmus

Question 36

Facial hairs or eyelashes growing in a normal location but make contact with the eye. Often a result of abnormal facial conformation with prominent exposed eyes and either long facial hair or prominent nasal folds.

Answer 36

Trichiasis

Question 37

Cilia emerging from the meibomian gland ducts.

Answer 37

Distichia

Question 38

Common therapy for distichia. Two freeze thaw cycles are applied to palpebral conjunctiva surface until the ice ball crosses the lid margin destroying the hair follicle.

Answer 38

Cryoepilation

Question 39

Variant of distichia. These cilia emerge through the palpebral conjunctiva and are more often associated with corneal ulceration and severe pain.

Answer 39

Ectopic cilia

Question 40

Benign and involve the meibomian glands and secondary gland impaction. A canine eyelid tumor

Answer 40

Chalazion

Question 41

Individual swollen meibomian glans seen when the lid margin is everted

Answer 41

Internal Hordeolum (meibominanitis)

Question 42

Junction between palpebral and bulbar conjunctiva

Answer 42

Fornix

Question 43

Pathological diffuse reddening of the conjunctiva. Often suggests the presence of inflammation of the ocular surface or a disorder of the tear film.

Answer 43

Hyperemia

Question 44

Fibrovascular tissue that lies deep to the conjunctiva and superficial to the sclera. Facilitates movements of the extraocular muscles

Answer 44

Episclera (Tenon's Capsule)

Question 45

Refers to the pathological presence of coarse ropes vessels that travel perpendicular to the limbus and can be identified individually. Suggests deep pathology of deep structures, including glaucoma and uveitis.

Answer 45

Episcleral injection

Question 46

Most common cause of conjunctivitis

Answer 46

Keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Question 47

Very common in dogs <2 years of age. Many dogs dont need therapy and the condition is self-limiting. Clinical signs are blepharospasm, epiphora, and conjunctival hyperemia with discharge

Answer 47

Allergic conjunctivitis

Question 48

Most critical test to be performed in dogs with conjunctival abnormalities

Answer 48

Schirmer Tear Test. Should be greater than 15mm

Question 49

Used for its steroid not antibiotics. Ointment has longer retention time and dosages of 3-4 times daily up to 3 weeks are sufficient. Dont use with ulcer patients.

Answer 49

Neomycin Polumixin Dexamethasone

Question 50

NSAID. Labeled for twice daily application. Less potent than steroids but indicated for less severe cases. Caution in cases with corneal ulcers

Answer 50

Diclofenac 0.1% solution

Question 51

Labeled for twice daily application. Immunomodulatory drug. Indicated in chronic conjunctivitis that fails steroid therapy. Slow to reach maximal efficacy but not as bad for ulcers

Answer 51

Cyclosporine 0.2% ointment (Optimmune)

Question 52

Rarely indicated as therapy for conjunctivitis except in cases of KCS with secondary bacterial conjunctivitis due to tear film dysfunction

Answer 52

Neomycin Polymixin Bacitracin

Question 53

Not a common virus but can accompany severe KCS along with systemic concerns

Answer 53

Canine Distemper Virus

Question 54

These infections closely resemble allergic conjunctivitis and can be treated similar

Answer 54

Adenovirus and Herpesvirus

Question 55

Life long infection. 80% of infected cats the virus becomes latent in the CN V ganglion. 50% of cats shed virus during health or stress which is the most significant factor (recrudescence) Target tissue is epithelial tissue associated with ocular surface causing ulcers. Hyperemia is the predominant feature of the virus. Only this virus causes dendritic corneal ulceration and symblepharon (conjunctival adhesions). Conjunctival cytology is most useful test. Treat with 0.5% cidofovir solution and erythromycin ointment

Answer 55

Feline Herpesvirus 1

Question 56

Etiology is unknown though suspected to be an autoimmune disease that has a relationship to FHV-1. Signs include blepharospasm, mucoid discharge, hyperemia, and raised white/yellow plaques. Finding eosinophils on cytology is diagnostic. Treat with topical steroids, immunomodulation, and supportive care

Answer 56

Feline Eosinophilic Keratoconjunctivitis

Question 57

Common infection in shelters. Signs are conjunctival ulceration and oral ulceration. Treatment is supportive with erythromycin

Answer 57

Calicivirus conjunctivitis

Question 58

Caused by obligate intracellular bacteria. Phases of bacterial life cycle can be resistant to treatment. Signs include chemosis (conjunctival edema). Infection does not cause ulceration. Diagnosis by intracytoplasmic inclusions within conjunctival epithelial cells on cytology. Treatment with marcrolides (erythromycin) and tetracyclines or fluoroquinolones

Answer 58

Chlamydial conjunctivitis

Question 59

Controversial association with conjunctivitis as many healthy cats have this amongst normal ocular flora. Signs include Epiphora, chemosis, and hyperemia. Treat similar to chlamydia

Answer 59

Mycoplasma conjunctivitis

Question 60

Outermost layer of tear film. Produced by meibomian glands and provides surface coating to the tear film preventing evaporation. Deficiency causes qualitative KCS

Answer 60

Lipid layer

Question 61

The middle layer of the tear film. Produced by lacrimal gland and third eye lid gland. Most substantial layer and contains nutrients and anti bacterial components to protect ocular surface. Continuously flushes foreign material away from surface. Deficiencies can be measures with Schirmer Tear Test. Epiphora is a common disorder of this layer

Answer 61

Aqueous layer

Question 62

Deepest layer of the tear film. Produced by the conjunctival goblet cells. Generates surface tension and creates interface between the corneal epithelium and the other two layers of the tear film preventing the film from sliding off the cornea.

Answer 62

Mucinous layer

Question 63

Parts of the lacrimal drainage apparatus

Answer 63

Two nasolacrimal punctuation, two nasolacrimal canaliculi, lacrimal sac, and nasolacrimal duct

Question 64

Deficiency of the aqueous layer of the tear film with concurrent corneal and conjunctival inflammation.

Answer 64

Quantitative KCS

Question 65

Most common cause of KCS in which the lacrimal gland and third eyelid gland are attacked by autoantibodies.

Answer 65

Immune mediated quantitative KCS

Question 66

Known as neurogenic KCS. Dysfunction of CN VII by inner ear infections. Causes ipsilateral dry eye and dry nose

Answer 66

Parasympathetic nerve lesion quantitative KCS

Question 67

Deficiency of mucin or lipid layers of the tear film with concurrent corneal and conjunctival inflammation. STT is normal but same clinical signs

Answer 67

Qualitative KCS

Question 68

Junction between the cornea and the sclera

Answer 68

Limbus

Question 69

Thickest layer of the cornea and composed of fibrocytes which produce ordered collagen fibers arranged in lamellar. This layer is hydrophilic so retains fluorescein stain and is highly susceptible to infection

Answer 69

Storms

Question 70

Cornea is innervated by

Answer 70

Ophthalmic branch of CN V

Question 71

Time for epithelial ulceration of the cornea takes to heal

Answer 71

Less than 7 days

Question 72

Time for stromal ulceration to heal

Answer 72

Days to weeks.

Question 73

Stromal ulcer that healed with epitheliazation leaving a fluorescein negative divot in the cornea

Answer 73

Facet

Question 74

Focal complete loss of stroma and wound contraction is not possible. Heals through vascular ingrowth and the production of granulation tissue. Takes weeks to months to heal

Answer 74

Descemetocele

Question 75

Only cause of blue corneal opacity. Edema is result of fluid from tear film hydrating the corneal stroma. Can result from epithelial disorders and endothelial disorders

Answer 75

Corneal Edema

Question 76

Only cause of red opacity within the cornea. Caused by new vessel formation on the cornea. Can be seen with KCS, Pannus, and uveitis

Answer 76

Corneal neovasculatization

Question 77

Corneal opacity caused by white blood cells or abscess. This is painful

Answer 77

White with yellow or green hue

Question 78

Corneal opacity cause by stromal scar or fibrosis. Not associated with pain

Answer 78

White and gray or wispy features

Question 79

Corneal opacity caused by minerals or lipid. Often bright and can sparkle. Not associated with pain unless ulcer is present.

Answer 79

Crystalline white

Question 80

Corneal opacity caused by epithelial pigment, endothelial pigment, or feline sequestrum from necrosis of corneal stroma.

Answer 80

Brown or black

Question 81

Corneal opacity caused by accumulations of proteins and white blood cells that adhere to the endothelial surface. Small at the midpoint of the cornea and become larger and denser at the ventral cornea

Answer 81

Tan or greasy

Question 82

Superficial corneal ulcers should heal in less than 7 days

Answer 82

Uncomplicated corneal ulcers

Question 83

Three reasons a corneal ulcer will not heal

Answer 83

Indolent ulceration (boxer ulcer), Infection, and underlying irritant hasn't been addressed.

Question 84

Most common cause of feline ulcerative keratitis

Answer 84

FHV 1

Question 85

Softening or melting of the corneal stroma due to collagenolysis. Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the most common bacterial culprit in cases where this is present. Can use chelating agents and serum to treat

Answer 85

Malacia

Question 86

Autoimmune condition that effects German Shepherds and Greyhounds. UV light exacerbates lesions. Signs include granulation tissue and pigment. Biopsy is confirmatory. Treatment is lifelong anti-inflammatory therapy.

Answer 86

Pannus (Chronic superficial keratitis)

Question 87

Function of the uvea

Answer 87

Aqueous production and formation of the blood aqueous barrier

Question 88

Adhesion of iris to the cornea

Answer 88

Anterior synechia

Question 89

Adhesion of iris to the lens

Answer 89

Posterior synechia

Question 90

Adhesion of iris to iridocorneal angle

Answer 90

Peripheral Anterior Synechia

Question 91

Bulging forward of the iris due to impaired passage of aqueous caused by complete posterior synechia occluding the pupil. Leads to peripheral anterior synechia and secondary glaucoma

Answer 91

Iris Bombe

Question 92

Age related thinning of the iris stroma resulting in irregular pupillary margins, slow PLRs, and spaces in the iris

Answer 92

Iris Atrophy

Question 93

Multiple colors within an iris or between two irides

Answer 93

Heterochromia irides

Question 94

Developmental defect (hole) in the iris

Answer 94

Iris coloboma

Question 95

strands of uveal tissue that originate in the iris collarette due to incomplete absorption of embryonic vascular tissue that surrounds the pupil and lens.

Answer 95

Persistent pupillary membranes

Question 96

Inflammation of the iris and ciliary body

Answer 96

Anterior uveitis (Iridocyclitis)

Question 97

Inflammation of the choroid

Answer 97

Posterior uveitis (Choroditis)

Question 98

Inflammation of the entire uvea

Answer 98

Panuveitis

Question 99

Inflammation of the uvea and intraocular contents of the eye

Answer 99

Endophthalmitis

Question 100

Inflammation of all ocular and intraocular tissues, including the corneoscleral/fibrous tunic

Answer 100

Panophthalmitis

Question 101

Aqueous flare is pathognomonic for this. Refers to increased turbidity of the normally clear aqueous humor due to breakdown of the blood aqueous barrier that occurs with inflammation

Answer 101

Uveitis

Question 102

Most frequent intraocular disease in cats

Answer 102

Uveitis

Question 103

Best topical corticosteroid choices for uveitis

Answer 103

1% prednisolone acetate or 0.1% dexamethasone alcohol

Question 104

Immune mediated disease against melanocytes including uveal tissue. Common breeds are Akita, Samoyed, Husky. Clinical signs often acute, bilateral uveitis. Vitiligo of the eyelids, nose, feet, and lips common. Diagnosis by skin biopsy. Treat with steroids and atopica

Answer 104

Uveodermatologic syndrome

Question 105

Pigment deposition on the lens, iris, and corneal epithelium. Eyes often red with low grade flare. There is no actual inflammation of the uvea

Answer 105

Pigmentary uveitis of Golden Retrievers

Question 106

Most common primary intraocular tumor

Answer 106

Melanocytic (melanomas, melanocytomas)

Question 107

Collagenous fibers that attach to the process of the ciliary body and support the lens at its equator. Suspends the lens in the pupil.

Answer 107

Zonules

Question 108

A depression in the anterior vitreous in which the lens rests.

Answer 108

Patellar fossa

Question 109

A transparent elastic envelop surrounding the lens. Provides insertion for lens zonules and regulates the lens shape due to elasticity.

Answer 109

Lens capsule

Question 110

Makes up the majority of the lens and are arranged in interdigitating lamellar layers. Originate as epithelial cells and then transition to lose their nuclei and become less active and stretch the poles of the lens

Answer 110

Lens fibers

Question 111

How most energy is provided for the lens

Answer 111

Metabolism of glucose via anaerobic glycolysis (Hexokinase pathway)

Question 112

For this the ciliary muscles constrict (360 degrees) decreasing tension on the lens zonules and the elastic lens capsule causes the lens to take on a more spherical thickened shape

Answer 112

Near vision

Question 113

For this the ciliary muscles relax (360 degrees) increasing tension of the lens zonules and the lens becomes a thinner flatter shape

Answer 113

Distance vision

Question 114

Dogs and cats can only focus on

Answer 114

Distant objects. Closer uses smell

Question 115

Abnormally small lens. May lead to lens luxation

Answer 115

Microphakia

Question 116

Notch like defect in the lens

Answer 116

Lens coloboma

Question 117

Developing lens fails to completely separate form the cornea resulting in an opaque cornea and lens. Often with uveal strands connecting the two structures

Answer 117

Peters anomaly

Question 118

Most common cause of treatable vision loss in the dog

Answer 118

Cataracts

Question 119

A hyper mature lens with liquified cortex and the solid nucleus sinks to the bottom of the capsular bag

Answer 119

Morgagnian cataract

Question 120

Formed by the junction of the iris ciliary body and the cornea sclera.

Answer 120

Iridocorneal angle

Question 121

Almost always due to impaired outflow

Answer 121

Glaucoma

Question 122

Photoreceptors that function more effectively in dim light

Answer 122

Rods

Question 123

A well vascularized neurosensory retina with a variable number of vessels extending from the optic disc in a spoke like pattern.

Answer 123

Holangiotic

Question 124

Moderately vascular retina. Blood vessels extend medial and lateral to the optic disc (Rabbits)

Answer 124

Merangiotic

Question 125

Very sparsely vascularized retina. Horses`

Answer 125

Paurangiotic

Question 126

No blood vessels are present in the neurosensory retina. In avian species, a highly pigmented and pleated structure the pecten plays a role in nutrition of the inner retina

Answer 126

Anagiotic

Question 127

Important cause of blindness in pure bred dogs

Answer 127

Generalized progressive retinal atrophy

Question 128

Only recognized in dogs. Acute onset of blindness in hours-days. Obesity is common. Results in permanent blindness. ERG confirms diagnosis by demonstrating complete absence of photoreceptors activity

Answer 128

Sudden Acquired Retinal Degeneration Syndrome

Question 129

Swollen fluffy optic disc. Caused by elevated intracranial and CSF pressure

Answer 129

Papilledema