opioids Flashcards
(30 cards)
What are the endogenous opioids?
Endorphins, enkephalins, and dynorphins.
What are the targets of endogenous opioids?
Mu, delta, and kappa receptors.
What are DMARDs?
Disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drugs that reduce inflammation and slow disease progression.
Name a DMARD that targets T-cell activation.
Abatacept.
Name a DMARD that depletes B lymphocytes.
Rituximab.
Name a DMARD that is anti-TNFα.
Adalimumab.
What are A-beta fibers, and what do they transmit?
Large, myelinated fibers that transmit non-painful stimuli.
What are A-delta fibers, and what do they transmit?
Small, myelinated fibers that transmit sharp pain.
What are C-fibers, and what do they transmit?
Unmyelinated fibers that transmit dull, achy pain.
What is the role of the spinothalamic tract in the CNS?
Pain perception.
What is the role of the spinoreticular tract in the CNS?
Emotional response to pain.
What is the role of the spinomesencephalic tract in the CNS?
Pain modulation via the periaqueductal gray (PAG).
How does the PAG suppress pain signals?
By releasing endogenous opioids.
What are the components of pain?
Sensory (nociceptive) and emotional components.
What neurotransmitter modulates pain signaling?
Substance P.
What are the pharmacokinetics of opioids?
Well-absorbed, metabolized in the liver, excreted in urine.
What are the organ system effects of opioids?
Analgesia, euphoria, respiratory depression, constipation.
What are specific applications for opioids?
Severe pain, obstetrics, acute coronary syndrome, palliative care, and cough suppression.
What are the symptoms of opioid toxicity?
Respiratory depression, pinpoint pupils, sedation, nausea.
How is opioid toxicity treated?
With naloxone.
What is tolerance to opioids?
A reduced response to repeated doses.
What opioid effects develop high tolerance?
Analgesia, euphoria, sedation, respiratory depression.
What opioid effects develop minimal tolerance?
Constipation, miosis, convulsions.
What are the symptoms of opioid withdrawal?
Anxiety, muscle aches, nausea, diarrhea.
