OPP First Exam Flashcards
(38 cards)
effleurage
A delicate stroking motion in massage
To compress underlying subcutaneous tissue, and move fluid into and along lymphatic channels
Moves distal to proximal
Stretching/Traction
Separation of the origin and insertion of a muscle with forces applied parallel to the long axis of the muscle.
Kneading
Force applied perpendicularly to the long axis of the muscle (like a bowstring is deformed)
Describe the technique of inhibition and how its applied for various size muscle groups.
Consists of a slow application of pressure, held to the point of muscle relaxation, followed by a slow release of pressure.
For large flat muscles the heel of the hand is often used.
For smaller muscles inhibition is applied by the thumb or first finger
List the five models of osteopathic care and each of the treatment goals associated with them.
Bio-mechanical: Adjustment and mobilization of joints.
Respiratory-Circulatory: Improve all of the diaphragm restrictions in the body.
Neurologic: Attain autonomic balance and address neural reflex activity.
Metabolic-Energy: Enhance the self-regulatory and self-healing mechanisms and energy conservation in the body.
Behavioral: Improve the bio,psych, and social components of health.
What are the four osteopathic principles and how do they relate to health and disease states?
- The body is a unit; the person is a unit of body, mind, and spirit.
- The body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, and health maintenance
- Structure and function are interrelated.
- Rational treatment is based upon an understanding of the basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function
compressed: 1) unity 2) self-regulation 3) S&F 4) recap
Define haptics
The study of the properties of touch;especially the hand.
“the hand ends at the brain”
Define mechanotransduction, and why it’s such a big deal in osteopathy
The conversion of external stimulus into an internal cellular change.
It’s a big deal b/c mechanical forces can stimulate cell proliferation and vascular remodeling which are critical components to wound healing and tissue expansion.
Describe how ridges augment the sense of touch
Enhance grip as they provide more points of contact
Each ridge has a sweat gland which helps with grip and friction
Describe the value of touch for communication, diagnosis and treatment.
Communication- caring, competence, and confidence
Diagnosis by palpation- sensitivity needed to find somatic dysfunction
Theraputic-basis of OMT
Define fascia
Unites all aspects of the body. Acts like a packing system and organ cushion. Complete with blood supply, drainage, and innervation. It has irregularly arranged fibrous element of different densities and is involved in tissue protection and healing of surrounding systems.
What is the function of fascia
To provide a distensible cushion for the protection and covering of multiple body systems, facilitated by its cellular elements and viscoelastic properties.
Provides a plane for the movement of lymph, nerve fibers, and blood vessels through the body and is important in wound healing a tissue repair in this capacity
Describe the four fascial layers
Panniculus/superficial-surrounds the entire body
Axial/investing- internal layer forms epimysium of skeletal muscle, periosteum of bone, peritendon of tendon
Meningeal/third layer-surrounds the nervous system
Visceral/fourth layer- surrounds the viscera and body cavities, in addition to serving as a conduit for neuro, vascular and lymphatic bundles
Describe the cellular elements of fascia
Fibroblasts-principle cell type
Myofibroblasts-act like smooth muscle and give fascia the ability to contract
Macrophages, mast cells, and integrins.
Integrins: Are transmembrane receptors that initiate cell signaling related to mechanotransduction (ECM); its ligands include laminin.
Explain two biomechanical and two viscoelastic properties of fascia.
Creep-stretches under a load
Compliance-term for cranial sutures “smaller creep”
Hysteresis- restoration of resting length will be a split between the viscous and elastic models. It has viscoelastic properties
Time frequency dependent length-tension: high frequency stretch responds differently than a slow one.
What is a common clinical presentation of a fascia strain? How does the function of fascia relate to its associated clinical pathologies?
What is one common denominator among those with fascial pathologies?
Patient presentations may be in the form of limited range of motion
Fascia forms pathway for lymphatic vessels, arteries, veins, and nerves.
• Torsion of these pathways hinder the functions of these vessels and nerves
Many human pathologies are related to abnormalities in mechanotransduction.
What are the seven landmarks of the LMGL?
External auditory meatus lateral head of the humerus midbody of L3 (spine of scapula) anterior 1/3 of sacrum greater trochanter lateral condyle of the knee lateral malleolus
what are the 6 landmarks of uneveness?
mastoid process acromioclavicular joint interior angle of the scapula iliac crest PSIS greater trochanter
What are a few indications of soft tissue injury?
TART
What’s the benefit to working on soft tissue injuries?
Relaxes hypertonic muscles, increase elasticity of fascial tissues, improves abnormal reflex activity
What are some contraindications related to working on soft tissue injuries?
Skin disorders, most acute disorders: strains of the ligaments, and muscles. DVT, bleeding disorders etc
What major events in osteopathic history happened in 1874, 1892, 1910, and 1962?
1874-AT Still quits mainstream medicine and moved toward osteopathy
1892-American School of Osteopathy in Missouri opened (ATSU-KCOM)
1910- Abraham Flexner releases report on the state of medical education, resulting in stricter requirements in the medical education cirriculum.
1962- CA predicament: MD-DO merger didn’t work resulting in a revival of Osteopathic medicine in CA.
What impact did WWII have on the medical education of osteopathic physicians?
There was a major effort to change the old limited practice laws. These efforts combined with changes in osteopathic education enabled the enactment of new practice laws in all 50 states.
What are the 3 components of the lymphatic system?
Collecting system
Lymphatic tissue/organized
Lymph
