OPP Practical 1 Flashcards
(274 cards)
1
Q
attributed to Benjamin Rush (1745-1813)
A
Heroic Medicine
2
Q
Benjamin Rush believed that the basis of all disease was
A
“physiologic tension,” particularly of the vasculature
3
Q
“there is but one disease in the world” and treatment was by “depletion”
A
Rush: bloodletter, blistering, purging
4
Q
a mercury-based cathartic that was commonly used for a variety of ailments
A
calomel
5
Q
1864
A
Pivotal Year for AT Still
- personal tragedies (3 children died of spinal meningitis; infant daughter died of pneumonia; first wife died from childbirth)
- substance abuse in community (veterans addicted to alcohol/morphine)
- immersed hisself in anatomy and cadaveric dissection (grave robbing)
6
Q
1874
A
Birth of Osteopathy
AT Still:
- “i was gradually approaching a science by study, research, and observation that would be a great benefit to the world.”
- “I flung to the breeze the banner of Osteopathy”
7
Q
Four Tenets of Osteopathic Philosophy
A
- the body is a unit; person is a unit of mind, body, spirit
- body is capable of self-regulation, self-healing, health maintenance
- structure and function are reciprocally interrelated
- rational treatment is based upon an understanding of basic principles of body unity, self-regulation, and the interrelationship of structure and function
8
Q
1892
A
American School of Osteopathy
- chartered May in Kirksville, Missouri
9
Q
1918
A
“Spanish Flu” Pandemic
- over 500,000 Americans died
- OMM noted to be more effective than drug therapies
10
Q
1961-62
A
The California Merger
- CaOA merged with CMA
- COPS in LA became CaCOM (UCI)
- DOs conferred MD degrees
11
Q
complete system of medical care practiced by physicians with an unlimited license
A
Osteopathic Medicine
12
Q
Osteopathic medicine emphasizes the ___ and has an appreciation of the body’s ___
A
interrelationship between structure and function; ability to heal itself
13
Q
concept of health care supported by expanding scientific knowledge that embraces the concept of the unity of the living organism’s structure and function
A
Osteopathic Principles and Practices (OPP)
14
Q
function
A
physiology
15
Q
structure
A
anatomy
16
Q
therapeutic application of manually guided forces by a DO to improve physiologic function and/or support homeostasis that has been altered by somatic dysfunction
A
Osteopathic Manipulative Treatment (OMT)
17
Q
application of osteopathic philosophy, structural diagnosis and use of osteopathic manipulative treatment in the diagnosis and management of the patient.
A
Osteopathic Manipulative Medicine (OMM)
18
Q
site of allopathic care
A
disease state
19
Q
site of osteopathic care
A
host
20
Q
hand you use most
A
dominant hand
21
Q
exercise to determine dominant hand
A
clasp hands together, top hand is most likely dominant
22
Q
exercise to determine dominant eye
A
both eyes open, circle an object, close each eye, the one with the object in the circle is dominant
23
Q
why should we know the dominant hand and eye?
A
to know the “inherent bias” to minimize diagnostic inaccuracy
24
Q
how can we minimize diagnostic inaccuracy
A
by knowing the inherent bias of hand and eye dominance
25
application of fingers to the surface of the skin or other tissues, using varying amounts of pressure, to selectively determine the condition of the parts beneath
palaption
26
diagnostic touching includes:
explanation of intention, nature of touching, its purpose, what the patient is likely to experience
27
feeling via psychomotor skills
detection
28
seeing structures being palpated and creating a visual mind-image
internal amplification
29
thinking and knowing functional anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology (between normal and abnormal)
analysis and interpretation
30
part of the hand that has the most touch (kinesthetic) nerve endings
finger pads
31
parts of the hand that are most sensitive to train and use for palpation
thumb and first two finger pads
32
part of the hand that senses temperature
free nerve endings
33
part of the hand that senses vibrations
Pacinian Corpuscle
34
part of the hand that senses 2-point discrimination
Meisner Corpuscle
35
part of the hand that senses stretch
Ruffini Corpuscle
36
part of the hand that senses degree of pressure
Merkel Disc
37
sensitive to pressure and vibration (rapidly adapting)
Pacinian Corpuscles-mechanoreceptor
38
sensitive to light touch and very sensitive to vibration (rapidly adapting)
Meissner Corpuscles-mechanoreceptor
39
sensitive to vibration (slow adapting); receptive to sustained response to pressure
Merkel Disc-mechanoreceptor
40
sensitive to stretch (slow adapting); registers degree changes in joint position, and registers thermal changes for prolonged periods of time
Ruffini Terminals
41
what can you observe with very light touch
- temperature
- texture / topography
- thickness
- elasticity
- moistness (sweat gland)
- oiliness (sebaceous gland)
- tone
42
what can be found throughout the body's tissues
- shape
- irritability
- tissue tension
- tenderness
- motion
43
use this part of the hand when checking temperature
dorsum of hand and volar aspect of wrist
44
use the dorsum of hand and volar aspect of wrist to test
temperature
45
planes of motion: bowing forward
sagittal plane
46
planes of motion: jumping jacks
coronal (frontal)
47
planes of motion: trunk twist
transverse (horizonal/axial)
48
superior
cranial
49
inferior
caudal
50
posterior
dorsal
51
anterior
ventral
52
top to bottom anterior mid-gravity line
```
glabella
symphysis menti
episternal notch
mid-sternum
xyphoid process
umbilicus
pubic symphysis
mid-heel point
```
53
top to bottom posterior mid-gravity line
```
inion
spinous processes of
- cervical vertebrae
- thoracic vertebrae
- lumbar vertebrae
- sacral vertebrae
gluteal crease
mid-heel point
```
54
anterior landmarks
coracoid process
clavicle
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
55
posterior landmarks
```
vertebra prominens (C7)
scapular spine
medial border scapula
interior angle scapula
iliac crest
posterior superior iliac spine
```
acromion
greater tubercle humerus
greater trochanter femur
56
top to bottom lateral mid-gravity line
external auditory meatus (canal)
greater tuberosity of humerus (on lateral head)
(radiographic observation only)
- mid-body of L3
- sacral promontory (anterior 3rd of sacrum)
greater trochanter of femur
lateral condyle of knee
lateral malleolus
57
use the 5 models in patient assessment and treatment for
- adaptation to stressors
| - recovery and repair from illness and disease
58
reflects numerous signs relating to internal diseases
musculoskeletal system
59
provides framework for interpreting significance of somatic dysfunction within context of objective and subjective clinical information
5 Models
60
5 Models provides framework for interpreting significance of
somatic dysfunction
61
2006
WHO recognized osteopathic 5 model concept
62
the 5 models include:
- Biomechanical
- Respiratory-Circulatory
- Neurological
- Metabolic-Energy
- Behavioral
63
postural muscles, spine, extremities
anatomical correlates of biomechanical model
64
thoracic inlet, thoracic and pelvic diaphragms, tentorium cerebelli, costal cage
anatomical correlates of respiratory-circulatory model
65
internal organs, endocrine glands
anatomical correlates of metabolic-energy model
66
head (special sensing organs), brain, spinal cord, ANS, peripheral nerves
anatomical correlates of neurological model
67
brain
anatomical correlate of behavioral model
68
posture and motion
physiological function of biomechanical model
69
respiration, circulation, venous and lymphatic drainage
physiological function of respiratory-circulatory model
70
metabolic processes, homeostasis, energy balance, regulatory processes
physiological function of metabolic-energy model
71
control, coordination and integration of body functions
physiological function of neurological model
72
psychological and social activities
physiological function of behavioral model
73
digestion, absorption of nutrients, removal of waste
physiological function of metabolic-energy model
74
immunological activities, inflammation and repair
physiological function of metabolic-energy model
75
reproduction
physiological function of metabolic-energy model
76
protective mechanisms
physiological function of neurological model
77
sensation
physiological function of neurological model
78
habits
physiological function of behavioral model
79
values, beliefs, attitudes
physiological function of behavioral model
80
objective: optimize patient's adaptive potential through restoring structural integrity and function
biomechanical model
81
objective: affect patient's adaptive response and total homeostatic (health) potential
addresses dysfunction in respiratory mechanics, circulation, flow of body fluids
respiratory-circulatory model
82
central neural control, CSF fluid flow, pulmonary and cardiovascular function
central processes of the respiratory-circulatory model
83
arterial supply, venous and lymphatic drainage
peripheral processes of the respiratory-circulatory model
84
objective: focuses on impairments of neural function caused by pathophysiologic responses and the relationship btwn somatic/visceral autonomic systems
focus on reduction of mechanical stresses, balance of neural inputs, elimination of nociceptive drive
neurological model
85
objective: maintain balance between energy production, distribution, and expenditure
addresses dysfunction that can dysregulate production, distribution, or expenditure of energy; increase allostatic load; interfere with immunological and endocrine regulatory functions
metabolic-energy model
86
objective: improve body's ability to effectively manage, compensate, or adapt to stressors
behavioral model
87
capable of modulating homeostatic rhythms; effecting appropriate changes necessary for promoting survival
neuroendocrine-immune system
88
greater pain sensation
primary hyperalgesia
89
non-noxious stimuli elicits sensation of pain
allodynia
90
most responsive system to novel or unwanted stimuli (somatic, visceral, emotional dysfunctions)
arousal system
91
prepares body for defense by facilitating healing, suppressing pain pathways, and modulating immune system
neuroendocrine-immune network
92
tendency of body to seek and maintain a condition of balance/equilibrium within its internal environment
homeostasis
93
maintenance of stability through change
allostasis
94
suppresses levels of allostatic compounds to return body to normal function
feedback control systems
95
convergence of multiple pathways on a common mechanism facilitate summation of differing drives to obtain
a more intense response
96
trauma or injury including somatic dysfunction
somatic stressors
97
traumatic injury, infection, or inflammation of visceral organs (subtle, diet-related events)
visceral stressors
98
stress response
emotional stressors
99
frequent activation of stress response damages the body chronically through activation of
hypothalamic-pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis
100
price paid for chronic exposure to stress-mediated neuroendocrine adaptations
allostatic load
101
long term activation of allostatic mechanism leads to
gradual destruction of organ systems
102
gradual loss of effectivess of feedback pathways reestablish
normal homeostasis
103
degenerative and inflammatory disease
correlated to increased occurrence of cardiovascular risk
memory and depression (CNS)
multiple, complex effects on immune system
disease processes affected by allostatic load
104
less room for further adaptation in compensated state (structural/metabolic) to increased or new stressor
chronic compensatory state
105
observation of skin, static landmarks, asymmetry
static postural exam (OSE)
106
gait, range of motion (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, ribs, sacrum), special tests
dynamic postural exam (OSE)
107
designed to determine rapidly where the most significant somatic dysfunctions reside
sensitive to the discovery of the presence of dysfunction, but not specific for tissues responsible for creating/maintaining dysfunction
OSE
108
movement produced voluntarily by the patient
active motion
109
motion that induced by the practitioner while patient remains relaxed
passive motion
110
patient actively fully abducts both arms in coronal plane over head (physician stands in front or behind)
overhead upper extremity quick test
111
patient raises arms 90 degrees and squats down as far as possible with feet flat on the floor (physician stands with posterolateral view)
squat test
112
what is a positive squat test
patients heels lifting off the floor and patient unable to bend knees past 90 degrees
113
thumbs under surface of PSIS, patient bends forward with legs straight, follow PSIS movement
standing flexion test
114
side of pelvis restriction
PSIS stops moving superiorly last (standing flexion)
115
side of sacrum restriction
PSIS stops moving superiorly last (seated flexion)
116
___ is the process of enabling individuals, groups, or societies to ___ over and to ___ their physical, mental, social, and spiritual health.
This could be reached by ___ and societies characterized of ___ and ___ who are able to ___ internal and external resources, ___ and ___ them to ___, to ___, and to ___ or ___ with ___ in a ___
Salutogenesis:
health/life promotion; increase control; improve
creating environments; clear structures; empowering environments; active participating subjects; identify; use; reuse; realize aspirations; satisfy needs; perceive meaningfulness; change; cope; the environment; health promoting manner
117
goals of osteopathic care include:
remove restrictions or optimize function
118
impaired or altered function of related components of the somatic (body framework) system; skeletal, arthrodial, and myofascial structure, and related vascular, lymphatic and neural elements
somatic dysfunction
119
of, relating to, or affecting the body, especially as distinguished from a body part, the mind, or the environment; corporeal or physical
somatic
120
abnormal or impaired functioning, especially of a bodily system or organ
dysfunction
121
somatic dysfunction that maintains a total pattern of dysfunction including other key lesions
primary somatic dysfunction
122
primary somatic dysfunction is the initial somatic dysfunction to appear
temporally
123
somatic dysfunction arising in response from a primary somatic dysfunction
secondary somatic dysfunction
124
somatic dysfunction arising as a consequence of other etiology
secondary somatic dysfunction
125
impairment or altered function of related components of the body framework system that is characterized in early states by one or more of the following: pain, erythema, palpable sense of relative warmth, moisture and bogginess, vasodilation, edema, tenderness, and tissue contraction (TART)
acute somatic dysfunction
126
impairment or altered function of long-standing duration of related components of the body framework system characterized by one or more of the following: itching, paresthesias, palpable sense of tissue dryness, coolness, tissue contracture, fibrosis, tenderness and pallor
chronic somatic dysfunction
127
increased temperature, boggy/rough texture, increased moisture, board-like/rigid tension, greatest tenderness, edema, congested vessels
acute tissue texture changes
128
slight increase or decrease in temperature, thin/smooth texture, dry, ropy/stringy tension, present or absent tenderness, neovascularization of vessels
chronic tissue texture changes
129
red, hot, swollen, pain, decreased function
acute
130
white, cool, thin, ?pain, decreased function
chronic
131
TART stands for:
T - tissue texture abnormality
A - asymmetry
R - restriction of motion
T - tenderness
132
limit of passive range of motion; point past which tissue disruption occurs
anatomic barrier
133
limit of active motion; as far as the patient can go without assistance
physiologic barrier
134
range between the physiologic and anatomic barrier of motion in which passive ligamentous stretching occurs before tissue disruption
elastic barrier
135
functional limit (within the anatomic range of motion) that abnormally diminishes the normal physiologic range
restrictive barrier
136
restriction of joint motion associated with a pathologic change of tissues
pathologic barrier
137
joint restriction, muscular contracture, ischemic contracture, fascia
causes of restrictive barrier
138
any limitation of movement before the physiologic barrier establishes a restrictive barrier
pathologic barrier
139
irritation and neuro-circulatory changes (red reflex) indicate somatic dysfunction
erythema friction rub
140
flexion: ___ movement in a ___ plane about a(n) ___ axis
anterior; sagittal; transverse
141
extension: ___ movement in a ___ plane about a(n) ___ axis
posterior; sagittal; transverse
142
sidebending: movement in a ___ plane about a(n) ___ axis
coronal; anterior-posterior
143
rotation: movement in a ___ plane about a(n) ___ axis
transverse; vertical
144
motion of a vertebrae is described relative to
the vertebrae below it
145
motion reference point is on the ___ and ___ part of the ___
superior; anterior-most; vertebral body
146
motion is limited by the orientation of the
zygapophyseal joints
147
A point of tissue or articular balance from which all motions physiologic to that structure may take place
neutral
148
The range of sagittal plane spinal positioning in which the facets are not yet engaged
neutral
149
Facets articulatory surfaces are stretched away from each other, termed “open”
flexion
150
Facet articulatory surfaces are pushed into each other, termed “closed”
extension
151
Fryette's Principle:
I. when the thoracic and lumbar spine are in ___ position, the coupled motions of ___ and ___ for a ___ are such that both motions occur in ___ directions
neutral; sidebending; rotation; group of vertebrae; opposite
152
Fryette's Principle:
II. when the thoracic and lumbar spine are ___ or ___, the coupled motions of ___ and ___ in a ___ occur in the ___ direction
sufficiently forward; backward bent (non-neutral); sidebending; rotation; single vertebral unit; same
153
Fryette's Principle:
III. initiating motion of a vertebral segment in any plane of motion will modify the movement of that segment in
other planes of motion
154
Type 1 ___ (Fryette's)
in a ___ position, if one direction of motion is introduced, sidebending or rotation will occur in the ___ direction
mechanics
neutral; opposite
155
Type 1 ___ (Fryette's)
tends to occur in ___ of ___ consecutive vertebrae
somatic dysfunction
groups; 3+
156
Type 2 ___ (Fryette's)
when a ___ thoracic or lumbar vertebral unit flexes or extends beyond the ___ position the coupled motions of sidebending and rotation occur in the ___ direction
mechanics
single; neutral; same
157
acute process maintained by restrictions in short paraspinal muscles
Type 2 somatic dysfunctions
158
If motion is restricted in any one direction, the other two directions will be restricted as well
Fryette’s 3rd Principle
159
dysfunctions that can exist within a Type I segmental group curve
Type II segmental
160
describe a dysfunctional segment
Type 2 mechanics
161
describe either a dysfunctional group curve or normal physiologic motion of the spine with rotation and sidebending in opposite directions while moving in a neutral plane
Type I mechanics
162
multiple segments, opposite sidebending/rotation, neutral spine, lateral curve appearance, gradual onset
Type I mechanics
163
single segment, same sidebending/rotation, flexion or extension spine, flattening or exaggeration of anteroposterior curve appearance, abrupt onset
Type II mechanics
164
Somatic dysfunction is maintained by the facet joint itself; often accompanied by a reflex muscle guarding response that will not relax until the articular “lock” is release
Arthrodial restrictions
165
hypertonicity causes asymmetry and restricted motion
muscular restrictions
166
muscle restriction that crosses one vertebral segment/joint and alters position and motion of a single vertebra (type II)
short restrictor muscles
167
deep segmental spinal muscles
short restrictor muscles
168
muscle restriction that crosses more than one vertebral segment/joint and alters position and motion of groups of vertebrae (type I)
long restrictor muscles
169
intermediate spinal muscles
long restrictor muscles
170
variable (type I or II) and often painful
superficial muscles
171
causes fascial distention that leads to pain and guarding
edema
172
causes less slack ("give") in the tissues
edema
173
increased local fluid
edema
174
Rule of 3s
Thoracic Spine:
T1-3: spinous and transverse at same level
T4-6: spinous is 1/2 level below transverse
T7-9: spinous is one full v level below transverse
T10: one full
T11: 1/2
T12: same
175
somatic dysfunctions are named for the ___, not the ___
direction of ease; restriction
176
one transverse process is superficial, other is deep
rotation
177
one transverse process is superior (further away) from transverse below it, and one will be inferior (closer)
sidebending
178
engage the restrictive barrier
direct techniques
179
disengage the restrictive barrier
indirect techniques
180
treatment that is both direct and indirect, and both active and passive
myofascial release
181
treatment that is direct and passive
soft tissue technique
182
tissues that connect, support, or surround structures and organs of the body (connective and non connective tissue)
soft tissue
183
tendons, ligaments, fascia, fibrous tissues, fat, synovial membranes
connective tissue
184
muscles, nerves, blood vessels
non-connective tissue
185
direct technique that involves kneading, stretching, deep pressure, traction and/or inhibition while monitoring tissue response and motion changes by palpation
soft tissue technique
186
hypertonic muscles, excessive tension in fascial structures, abnormal vicerosomatic / somatosomatic / somatovisceral reflexes
any clinical conditions that would benefit from improving circulation
indications for soft tissue technique
187
lack of patient consent and/or cooperation
absolute contraindications for soft tissue technique
188
caution for local applications/ the area being tested (fractures, open wounds, etc)
relative contraindications for soft tissue technique
189
Traction, Linear stretching, Lateral stretching, Deep pressure
principles of soft tissue technique
190
sustained linear force acting to draw structures apart
traction
191
origin and insertion of the myofascial structures are longitudinally separated
traction
192
traction is the sustained ___ force acting to draw structures apart; origin and insertion of the myofascial structures are ___ separated
linear; longitudinally
193
linear and lateral stretching consist of a rhythmic, ___ motion
kneading
194
direction of force is applied parallel to the long axis of the structure
linear stretching
195
origin and insertion are stationary, central portion is stretched perpendicularly to the long axis (bowstring)
lateral stretching
196
sustained inhibitory pressure over a hypertonic myofascial
deep pressure
197
stroking movement used to move fluid
effleurage
198
deep kneading or squeezing action to express fluid
petrissage and skin rolling
199
striking the belly of a muscle with the hypothenar edge of the open hand in rapid succession in an attempt to increase its tone and arterial perfusion
tapotement
200
a myofascial release massage technique used to break adhesive bands from the skin to deeper tissue
skin rolling
201
A-P curves
kyphosis and lordosis
202
lateral curves
paravertebral humping
203
performed passively for upper thoracics (T1-4) use head and neck, lower thoracics (T5-12) use shoulder and torso
thoracic segmental motion testing
204
backward bending position
sphinx position
205
treatment force applied to correct a somatic dysfunction
activating force
206
treatment force external to the patient
extrinsic force
207
voluntary or involuntary force from within the patient that assists in the manipulative treatment process
intrinsic force
208
nature's tendency toward balance and homeostasis
inherent force
209
technique with more emphasis on extrinsic/intrinsic forces, with limited range of applicability in patients with comorbidities and low levels of vitality
direct technique
210
treatment with more emphasis on inherent forces, with wide range of applicability in patients of all ages and levels of health
indirect technique
211
A direct treatment method which the patient’s muscles are employed upon request, from a precisely controlled position, in a specific direction, and against a distinctly executed physician counterforce
muscle energy technique (MET)
212
A group of direct techniques that usually involve lateral stretching, linear stretching, deep pressure, traction &/or separation of muscle origin and insertion while monitoring tissue response and motion changes by palpation.
soft tissue technique
213
An osteopathic method in which the restrictive barrier is engaged in one or more planes or motion and then a rapid, therapeutic force of brief duration traveling a short distance is applied within the anatomic range of motion of a joint.
high velocity low amplitude (HVLA)
214
thrust treatment method
high velocity low amplitude (HVLA)
215
A direct treatment method employing a low velocity/moderate to high amplitude force applied to a dysfunctional joint through either A repetitive springing motion or A single movement of the joint through the restrictive barrier
articulatory low velocity high amplitude (LVHA)
216
A treatment method which utilizes continual palpatory feedback to alleviate restriction of the somatic dysfunction and its related fascia and musculature.
myofascial release (MFR)
217
The dysfunctional myofascial tissues are loaded and restrictive barrier is engaged with a constant force
direct MFR
218
The dysfunctional myofascial tissues are loaded and then guided toward the position of greatest ease
indirect MFR
219
a generalized term for the sheets and layers of connective tissue that envelop specific structures and segregate one structure, organ, or area from another
fascia
220
outermost later, just underlying the epidermis and dermis; contains adipose tissue
superficial / pannicular fascia
221
surrounds muscles, tendons, bones, ligaments, and aponeuroses of the body; creates tubes of fascia surrounding muscles; connects torso to the extremities
deep / investing (axial and appendicular) fascia
222
surrounds the neural structures (dura, arachnoid, pia maters); terminates into the epineurium of peripheral nerves
meningeal fascia
223
surrounds body cavities (pleural, pericardial, peritoneal)
visceral fascia
224
packaging, protection, position, passageways
function of fascia
225
divides body into compartments
packaging
226
stabilizes structures and establishes limits of motion
protection
227
contain proprioceptors that sense movement
positioning
228
75% of proprioception occurs in
fascial sheaths
229
25% of proprioception occurs in
ligaments, tendons, joint capsules, and muscle spindle activity
230
channel for arteries, veins, nerves, and lymphatics to pass through
passageways
231
release of energy
hysteresis
232
“The fascia is the place to look for the cause of disease and the place to consult and begin the action of remedies in all diseases"
AT Still
233
looseness, ease, freedom
compliance
234
stiffness, tightness, binding
restriction
235
palpable resistance to motion of an articulation or tissue
bind
236
relative palpable freedom of motion of an articulation or tissue
ease
237
the capacity of fascia and other tissue to lengthen when subjected to a constant tension load resulting in less resistance to a second load application
creep
238
thoracic inlet/outlet MFR
"steering wheel"
239
direct and active technique
muscle energy
240
somatic dysfunction of myofascial origin or of articular origin
primary muscle energy indication
241
improve local circulation and respiratory function; balance neuromuscular relationships by altering muscle tone; increase tone in hypotonic or weak muscles
secondary muscle energy indication
242
fracture or dislocation in region being treated
absolute contraindication
243
moderate to severe strains, severe osteoporosis, severe illness
relative contraindications
244
the point where the restrictive barrier is just beginning to be engaged
feather's edge
245
the point where the practitioner just begins to palpate the tension in the tissues
feather's edge
246
muscle energy procedures
"3 to 5" rule
- ounces of force
- seconds
- times repeated
247
muscle energy technique Reduces ___ activity in the tight muscle by activating ___
extrafusal muscle mass; Golgi stretch reflexes;
248
muscle energy technique inhibits/resets the ___ to the ___
gamma gain; muscle spindles
249
Contraction of agonist muscle causes reciprocal inhibition of antagonist, allowing antagonist to relax and lengthen, so joint motion can occur under influence of agonist
reflex inhibition (relaxation) of antagonist
250
Golgi tendon apparatus, in series with extrafusal muscle fibers, senses muscle tension
Active contraction of muscle (such as in an isometric fashion with MET) increases tension on Golgi tendon apparatus, resulting in reflex relaxation of that agonist muscle in the post-isometric period
golgi receptor reflex inhibition of agonist
251
This post-isometric period allows the opportunity for passive stretching of tightened muscles, returning them to normal resting length
neuromuscular refractory period post contraction (Mitchell's view)
252
Activation of muscles used to move a dysfunctional segment back into alignment
"rope and pulley" mechanism
253
Under a fixed tension, the distance between muscle’s origin & insertion is unchanged
isometric muscle contraction
254
most common type of muscle contraction used in MET
isometric
255
While a contracting muscle, under a constant load, experiences a decrease in the distance between that muscle’s origin & insertion points (approximation)
concentric isotonic muscle contraction
256
patient "wins," muscles shorten
concentric isotonic muscle contraction
257
physician "wins," muscles lengthen
eccentric isotonic muscle contraction
258
While a contracting muscle, under a constant load, experiences an increase in the distance between that muscle’s origin & insertion points (separation)
eccentric isotonic muscle contraction
259
under an external tension greater than the intrinsic muscle force, the distance between muscle's origin and insertion is increased
isolytic muscle contraction
260
MET to accomplish muscle relaxation
post-isometric relaxation
261
MET to lengthen a muscle shortened by cramp or acute spasm
reciprocal inhibition
262
MET to augment a corrective force toward a restrictive barrier
respiratory assistance
263
"a release enhancing maneuver"
respiratory assistance
264
MET to affect reflex muscle contractions using eye motion
oculocephalogyric reflex
265
enables humerus to achieve 180 abduction
sternoclavicular joint
266
saddle shaped joint made up of the medial end of the clavicle, manubrium of sternum, and cartilage of first rib
sternoclavicular joint
267
joints with cartilaginous articular disc
sternoclavicular joint
268
only attachment for upper extremity to axial skeleton
sternoclavicular joint
269
made up of the acromion process of scapula and lateral edge of clavicle
acomioclavicular joint
270
radius "crosses over" ulna
pronation
271
radiocarpal > midcarpal joint
flexion
272
midcarpal > radiocarpal joint
extension
273
glenohumeral joint treatment
spencer technique
274
stages of spencer technique
Extension
Flexion
Circumduction Compression
Circumduction Traction
Abduction, Adduction/External Rotation
Internal Rotation
Distraction in Abduction (Joint Pump)
