Opthalmology

Question 1

name of visual acuity table?

Answer 1

Kettesy table

Question 2

how to measure the dpt of the eye?

Answer 2

automatic Opthalmic refractometer machine

Question 3

what are focal visual field errors called? and what does that mean?

Answer 3

scotomas (blind spots)

Question 4

Causes of focal visual field loss? (3)

Answer 4

1. Retinal detachment
2. Optic nerve abnormalities (optic neuritis, papilledema, trauma)
3. Ischemic or mass injury to the intracranial pathways

Question 5

name of color vision test?

Answer 5

Ishihara test

Question 6

cause of colorblindness? (2)

Answer 6

1. Inherited, genes responsible are found on the X chromosome, thus, males are more affected.
2. Physical/chemical injury to eye/optic nerve/brain

Question 7

most common color blindness?

Answer 7

red/green

Question 8

what to ask the patient in a cardinal vision field test?
and What will they indicate?

Answer 8

1. Pain: inflammation
2. Double vision: muscle injury

Question 9

what is amblyopia?

Answer 9

childhood vision development disorder causing decreased vision and cannot be corrected optically

Question 10

what is strabismus?

Answer 10

(one of the causes of amblyopia) seen as deviation in eye position

Question 11

name of screening test for ocular alignment

Answer 11

Hirschberg test using a direct light seeing the location of reflection (should be the same in both eyes)

Question 12

eyes turning in
eyes turning out

Answer 12

esotropia
exotropia

Question 13

is double vision present in childhood?

Answer 13

No, in children the brain compensates by shutting down the faulty eye

Question 14

what can we find with the cover-uncover test in children?

Answer 14

hidden strabismus

Question 15

innerveation by the CN 3?

Answer 15

sup. rectus
med. rectus
inf. rectus
inf. oblique

Question 16

innervation by the CN 6?

Answer 16

lat. rectus

Question 17

innervation by the CN 4?

Answer 17

sup. oblique

Question 18

what does the superior oblique do?

Answer 18

medio-inferior movement

Question 19

what does the inferior oblique do?

Answer 19

supero-medial

Question 20

what can be shown with fluorescent staining of the cornea?

Answer 20

epithelial damage and corneal rupture

Question 21

what can happen in IOP is high?

Answer 21

retinal apoptosis

Question 22

treatment of high IOP?

Answer 22

Beta-blockers (timolol)
Acetazolamide
Prostaglandin analogs (latanoprost)
Alpha 2 agonist (brimonidine)
Pilocarpine (raise aqueous humor outflow)

Question 23

what causes the red reflex?

Answer 23

choroid

Question 24

causes of abcent RR?

Answer 24

• retinoblastoma
• retinal detachment
• melanoma of the eye
• blood/inflammation in vitreous body
• corneal injury
• cataract

Question 25

what is conjunctivitis`

Answer 25

inflammation of the conjunctiva

Question 26

causes of conjunctivitis

Answer 26

1. Infectious: bacterial (80%), viral (adenovirus, herpes simplex) 2. Dry eye

Question 27

what is keratitis?

Answer 27

inflammation of the cornea

Question 28

causes of keratitis?

Answer 28

* infectious: bacterial, viral (herpes simplex, zoster), fungal, acanthamoeba * injury * dry eye symptoms * contact lens * UV exposure * autoimmune

Question 29

what is scleritis? what is episcleritis?

Answer 29

severe, destructive, granulomatous inflammation involving the sclera (Episcleritis is a benign self-limiting type)

Question 30

what is uveitis?

Answer 30

Uvea: iris, ciliary body, choroid Anterior uveitis: inflammation of the iris or the iris and the ciliary body

Question 31

what is Glaucoma?

Answer 31

Glaucoma: progressive, irreversible, potentially blinding optic neuropathy

Question 32

what is an open angle glaucoma?

Answer 32

Open-angle: chronic, bilateral, progressive loss of optic nerve fibers, gradual increase of IOP

Question 33

what is papilledema?

Answer 33

Swelling of the optic disc due to increased intracranial pressure

Question 34

causes of papilledema?

Answer 34

* medulloblastoma * hydrocephalus * thrombosis of venous sinuses associated with abducens nerve palsy * intracranial hemorrhage * inflammation, abscess * idiopathic intracranial pressure

Question 35

what is it called when half the visual field is lost?

Answer 35

Hemianopia visual field loss

Question 36

what is leukocoria?

Answer 36

white pupillary reflex

Question 37

what is ptosis?

Answer 37

dropped eyelid

Question 38

what is miosis?

Answer 38

constricted pupil