opthalmology

Question 1

What is an open angle Glaucoma?

Answer 1

Optic nerve damage caused by raised intraocular pressure

Question 2

What are the componenets of the vitrous chamber?

Answer 2

Anterior - Cornea and iris
Posterior chamber- lens and iris

Question 3

What is the nomral size of the optic disc and cup

Answer 3

optic cup is half the size of the optic disk

Question 4

What is a risk factor for acute angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 4

nearsightedness Myopia

Question 5

How does opan angle glaucoma present?

Answer 5

Gradual increase in intraoccular pressure picked up at screening.

headaches, blurred periheral vission, halos around lights

Question 6

How do you investigated suspected open angle glaucoma?

Answer 6

check pressure
fundoscopy
visual field assesment

Question 7

How do you treat open angle glaucoma?

Answer 7

prostaglandin eye drops - latanoprost
betablockers- timololH

reduce pressure below 24mmhg

Question 8

How does acute angle closure glaucoma present?

Answer 8

Hot painful eye
blurred vission
halos around lights
headache, nausea and vomiting
fixed dilated pupil
firm eyeball

Question 9

How do you manage acute angle closure glaucoma?

Answer 9

emergancy opthalmology referal
pilocarpine eye drops
acetazolamide oral

Question 10

Describe age related macular degeneration?

Answer 10

The macula is a concentration of vision cells at the back of your eye. This disease causes degeneration of the effectiveness of those cells resulting in progressive loss of vision. Very common

Question 11

How do you treat wet macular degenertation?

Answer 11

ANTI VEGF

Question 12

How does macular degeneration present?

Answer 12

gradual worseining of central vission field
reduced visual acquity
wavy lines

Question 13

How do you manage suspected age related macular degeneration?

Answer 13

avoid smoking, control bloodpressure

refer to opthalmology

Question 14

How does diabetic reinopathy present on fundoscopy?

Answer 14

blot haemorrhages
Hard exudates
venous beading
neovascularisation
fluffy wool sorts (nerve damage)

Question 15

What are the two classes of diabetic retinopathy?

Answer 15

Proliferative or non proliferative.

e.g new vessle formation or not

Question 16

How is diabetic retinopathy treated?

Answer 16

control blood sugar levels
laser photocoagulation
anti-VEGF

Question 17

What are cataracts

Answer 17

the lens of the eye becomes cloudy and opaque resulting in reduced visual acquity

Question 18

What will be absent in a catartact?

Answer 18

Red light reflex

Question 19

How is cataract treated and what are the risks?

Answer 19

Cataract surgery.
risk that the cataract is masking retinopathy.

Risk of endophalmitis, infllamation of the inner eye.

Question 20

What causes pupil constriction?

Answer 20

parasympathic nerve fibres traveling down the oculomotor nerve using acetylhcholine as a transmitter cause pupil constriction

Question 21

What causes pupil dilation?

Answer 21

dilator muscles stimulated by smypathetic nervous system using adrenalin cause pupil dilation

Question 22

What are the causes of Mydriasis?

Answer 22

Dilated pupils
Oculomotor nerve palsy
Stimulant drugs
anticholinergic drugs
Raised ICP

Question 23

What causes miosis?

Answer 23

Horners syndrome
Opiates
Nicotine
cluster headaches

Question 24

How does a third nerve palsy, oculor motor palsy present?

Answer 24

Ptosis
no reactive mydriasis
down and out pupil

Question 25

What is horner syndrome?

Answer 25

Ptosis, Miosis, anhydrosis caused by damage to the sympathetic supply to the face.

Question 26

How do you treat Horner syndrome?

Answer 26

check for causes stroke, tumours, trauma, aneurysm, cluster headaches

Question 27

What is the medical name for a dilated pupil?

Answer 27

Mydriasis

Question 28

What is the medical name for a constricted pupil?

Answer 28

Miosis

Question 29

what is the opposite of miosis

Answer 29

mydriasis

Question 30

what is the medical term for loss of sweating

Answer 30

Anhidrosis

Question 31

What is the medical term for a dilated pupil

Answer 31

Mydriasis

Question 32

What is blepharitis?

Answer 32

inflammation of eyelide margins

Question 33

How does blepharitis present?

Answer 33

gritty, dry and itchy eyes

Question 34

How do you manage blepharitis?

Answer 34

Hot compress and gentle cleaning

Question 35

What is a stye?

Answer 35

infection of the glands of Zeis

Question 36

What is a chalzion?

Answer 36

infection of meibomian glands

Question 37

What do glands of zeis do and what do meibomian glands do?

Answer 37

Glands of zeis - eyelashes meibomian glands - lipids for the eye

Question 38

What is an entropion and how is it managed?

Answer 38

occourns where eyelid turns inwards and lashes scrape agaisnt the eye. Tape eyelid open and cover same day referal to opthalmology

Question 39

What is an ectropion?

Answer 39

Lashes turning out. Same day referal if risk to sight

Question 40

How do you tell the difference between pre-orbital and orbital cellulitis?

Answer 40

CT scan Orbital cellulitis will have pain on eye movement, vsion changes, abnormal pupil reactions

Question 41

What is the conjuctiva?

Answer 41

thin layer of skin whch covers the inside of the eyelids and sclera of the eye

Question 42

How does conjunctivitis present?

Answer 42

gritty red eye normal vision not painful

Question 43

What is anterior uveitis?

Answer 43

inflamation of iris, ciliary body and chorcoid

Question 44

How does anterior uveitis present and how do you treat it?

Answer 44

aching red ee ciliary flush floaters and flashes visible white cells photophobia immediate opthalmology referral

Question 45

What is episclertitis and how is it managed?

Answer 45

imflammation of episclera. Inflammatory disorder unilateral watery red eye, mild pain self limiting in 1-4 weeks

Question 46

What is sclertis and how is it managed?

Answer 46

inflammation of the full thickness of the sclera. Severe eye pain red hot eye watery photophobia reduced visual acquity Same day opthalmolgy referreal

Question 47

How do you diagnose a corneal abrasion?

Answer 47

fluorescine stain under slit lamp

Question 48

How is corneal abstrasion managed?

Answer 48

cholramphenicol eye drops lubricating eye drops saftey net, re see patient after 1 week

Question 49

How do you investigate herpes keratitis?

Answer 49

Slit lamp examination and corneal swab for PCR

Question 50

How is herpers keratitis treated?

Answer 50

aciclover gel

Question 51

How does posterior vitreous detatchment present?

Answer 51

Painless floaters and flashing lights

Question 52

What is retinal detatchment?

Answer 52

retina sperates from the choroid and fills with blood of vitrous fluid

Question 53

How does retinal detatchment present?

Answer 53

sudden peripheral vission loss flashes and floaters

Question 54

How are retinal tears and vitreous detatchements managed

Answer 54

Emergency referral to opthalmologhy

Question 55

How does retinal vein occulsion present?

Answer 55

Sudden loss of vision in one eye

Question 56

What does retinal vein occlusion look like on fundoscopy?

Answer 56

flame and blot haemorrhages optic disc oedeoma