Opthalmology

Question 1

what are the 7 steps in an ophthalmic examination

Answer 1

history
distance examination
tear test and corneoconjuncitva examination
adenexa and anterior segment examination
intraocular pressure measurement and pupil dilation
posterior segment examination after pupil diltion
additional techniques ifndicated

Question 2

4 types of apetures on an ophthalmoscope

Answer 2

circle - direct illumintion or retro-illumination
slit beam - assess curvature of cornea and depth of anterior chamber
grid - assess location and size of a lesion
half-light - focuses light so can look at unaffected areas of the eye

Question 3

what types of filters can you use on an ophthalmoscope

Answer 3

white light - direct illumination
red-freee light - differentiate vessels
blue cobalt - elicit ulceration and corneal erosions

Question 4

what is meant by schedule A under the BVA eye scheme and what breeds does this include

Answer 4

conditions that are confirmed to be inherited - labradors and cocker spaniels

Question 5

5 things to look for on a distance examination

Answer 5

attitude of the animal
facial symmetry and ocular discharge
eyelids - size, colour etc eyeballs - position and size
pupils response to light

Question 6

what is meant by a neuro-ophthalmic examination

Answer 6

pbserving the animals movement in their environment through visual testing (menace etc)

Question 7

what is meant by strabismus

Answer 7

deviation from the usual visual axis

Question 8

what is anisocoria

Answer 8

different size of pupils

Question 9

what is mydrisasis and miosis

Answer 9

dilation of pupil and constriction of the pupils

Question 10

what is a normal reading for a dog with schirmer tear test

Answer 10

greater than 15mm/min

Question 11

what is the problem with the shcirmer tear test

Answer 11

measures both basal and reflex tear production

Question 12

how to you assess the quality of the tears

Answer 12

tear break up time - using fluorescine to measure time tears remain on the cornea

Question 13

how long should the tear break up time be

Answer 13

at least 20 seconds

Question 14

what lens do you use for a close direct examination

Answer 14

converging - green or black with slit beam aperture

Question 15

what are the 3 main features to look for at close direct examination

Answer 15

cornea, anterior lens capsule and posterior lens capsule

Question 16

what is a normal measurement for intraocular pressure

Answer 16

10-25mmHg

Question 17

when would you test the intraocular pressure

Answer 17

before dilating the pupils

Question 18

name the 7 eye muscles

Answer 18

lateral rectus
superior rectus 
medial rectus 
inferior rectus 
superior oblique 
inferior oblique 
retractor bulbi

Question 19

what is exophalmos

Answer 19

protrusion of the eyeball

Question 20

what is enophthalmos

Answer 20

recession of the eyeball into the orbit - sunken eyes

Question 21

whats the main cause of exopthalmos

Answer 21

retrobulbar space occupying lesioncaused by infection, foreign body, trauma or haematogenous infection

Question 22

how would you treat exopthalmos

Answer 22

drainage, antibiotics and NSAIDs

Question 23

what is proptosis and what breeds are predisposed

Answer 23

eyelides become entrapped at the back of the globe - cocker spaniels

Question 24

2 treatment options for globe proptosis

Answer 24

enucleation or transpalpebral approach

Question 25

what are 4 possible causes of enophthalmos

Answer 25

ocular pain decreased orbital content - reduced fat due to starvation or dehydration certain breeds - dolciocephalic damage to sympathetic nerves - claude bernard horners syndrome

Question 26

what is meant by macropalpebral fissure

Answer 26

abnormally large opening between the eyelids

Question 27

what is meant by blepherospasm

Answer 27

tight closure of the eyelids

Question 28

what is lagopthalmos

Answer 28

incomplete closure of the eyelids so the tear film is not spread scross the entire cornea

Question 29

what are possible consequences of lagopthalmos

Answer 29

conjunctivitis, keratitis and corneal vascularisation

Question 30

treatment for lagopthalmos

Answer 30

lubrication and antibacterial drugs

Question 31

what size is a normal eye considered to be

Answer 31

33-35 cm

Question 32

what are treatment options for oversized eyes

Answer 32

blepheroplasty and eyelid shortening

Question 33

what breeds are prone to oversized eyes

Answer 33

bloodhounds, great danes, boxers

Question 34

what is trichiasis

Answer 34

hairs directed towards the cornea due to skin abnormality

Question 35

what is distichiasis

Answer 35

cilia emerging from the meibomian gland orifice that CAN come into contact with the cornea

Question 36

what is ectopic cilia

Answer 36

cilia from the meibomian gland but emerge from the palpebral conjuncitva and are always in contact with the cornea

Question 37

what type of epithelium is the conjunctiva

Answer 37

keratinised

Question 38

what is hyperaemia

Answer 38

redness and inflammation due to increased blood supply

Question 39

what is blepharospasm

Answer 39

tight closure of eyelids in response to pain

Question 40

what is the correct term for dry eye

Answer 40

keratoconjunctivitis sicca

Question 41

3 types of primary conjunctivitis in dogs

Answer 41

allergic, follicular and bacterial or parisitic

Question 42

main differences between un complicated and complicated conjunctivitis

Answer 42

shorter duration with milder symptoms, vision remains, no corneal involvement and responds to medical treatment

Question 43

treatment for cherry eye

Answer 43

NSAIDs, chloramphenicol or surgical with pocket technique

Question 44

3 layers of the pre corneal tear film

Answer 44

deep mucin layer, aquoues layer and superficial lipid layer

Question 45

what glands produce the mucous, aqueous and lipid layers of the tear film

Answer 45

Meibomian glands- lipid, goblet cells - mucous, lacrimal gland - aqueous

Question 46

what are the main functions of the pre corneal tear film

Answer 46

even distribution of the film, nutrition of the cornea, help renew epithelium and keep eye moist, lubrication of cornea

Question 47

what nerves supply the lacrimal gland

Answer 47

facial and trigeminal

Question 48

3 possible causes of dry eye

Answer 48

immune mediate, breed disposition, anaesthetic response, neurogenic or traumTIC

Question 49

what is normal value for a dog STT

Answer 49

15-25mm

Question 50

what would the STT be for moderate to severe dry eye

Answer 50

0-10mm

Question 51

what is dry eye due to

Answer 51

low quality or low quantity of tear production

Question 52

what causes qualitative dry eye

Answer 52

inflammation of Meibomian glands that produce the lipid layer

Question 53

what is a STT less than 5 seconds indicative of

Answer 53

abnormal tear quality and of goblet cells

Question 54

treatment of KCS

Answer 54

lubrication, immunomodulating agent, antibiotics, parotid duct transposition

Question 55

what is epiphora

Answer 55

overflow of tears due to increase production or decreased drainage

Question 56

What is the jones test used for and what does it measure

Answer 56

tests permeability of nasolacrimal duct - measuring how much flouroscein is at the level of the nostrils after 5 minutes

Question 57

what is dacryocystitis

Answer 57

foreign body in the nasolacrimal duct system causing infection

Question 58

what is the limbus

Answer 58

transition between sclera and cornea

Question 59

what makes the cornea transparent

Answer 59

no vessels, no pigments, non-keratinised epithelium

Question 60

what does a blue cornea indicate and how would you treat

Answer 60

oedema | topical hypertonic saline solution

Question 61

what does a red cornea indicate

Answer 61

corneal neurovasculisation

Question 62

differenct between superficial and deep vessels of the cornea healing

Answer 62

superficial are bright red and have fine branches | deep - dark and straight indicate deep trauma

Question 63

what does a white cornea indicate

Answer 63

scarring or metabolic infiltrates

Question 64

what does black cornea indicate

Answer 64

pigments

Question 65

what does pink cornea indicate

Answer 65

chronic superficial keratitis - pannus

Question 66

how long will an epithelial and a stromal ulcer take to heal

Answer 66

2 weeks months to years

Question 67

how would you treat a superficial corneal ulcer

Answer 67

chloramphenicol and lubrication

Question 68

most common cause of a deep ulcer

Answer 68

pseudomonas infection

Question 69

how would you treat a melting ulcer

Answer 69

autoproteolytic drugs

Question 70

what is a chronic corneal epithelial defect

Answer 70

indolent ulcer - superficial ulcer not healed in 1-2 weeks

Question 71

how would you diagnose an indolent ulcer

Answer 71

lose ring of epithelium around the ulcer

Question 72

what makes up the uvea

Answer 72

choroid, iris and ciliary body

Question 73

differenct between anterior and posterior uveitis

Answer 73

ant = breakdown of blood aqueous barrier and post = breakdown of blood retinal barrier