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Year 2 Divs > Opthamology > Flashcards

Opthamology Flashcards

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1
Q

↑ resistance in the trabecular meshwork

↑ intraocular pressure

Black person

Diagnosis?

A

Open Angle Glaucoma

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2
Q

Normal intraocular pressure

A

10-21 mm Hg

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3
Q

In Open Angle Glaucoma, what happens to optic disk

A

Cupping

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4
Q

In Open Angle Glaucoma, what area of vision is affected first.

And what is Gold standard way to measure IOP?

A

Peripheral

Goldmann applanation tonometry

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5
Q

First line Open Angle Glaucoma treatment

A

Latanoprost

(prostaglandin analogue drops)

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6
Q

3 top side effects of Lanaoprost?

A
  1. Eyellash growth
  2. Eyelid pigmentation
  3. Iris prigmentation
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7
Q

Other treatments for Open Angle Glaucoma?

A

B-Blockers (TIMAL)
Carbonic Anhydrase inhibitor Drops
Sympathomimetic drops

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8
Q

Surgical option for Open Angle Glaucoma?

A

Trabeculectomy

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9
Q

Iris pressed forward blocking aques humour outflow,

↑ IOP

South East Asian Female

Family history of disease

Diagnosis?

A

Acute Angle Close Glaucoma

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10
Q

Types of medication that can cause Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma (3)

A

Adrenergic Medication
Anticholinergic Medication
Tricyclic Antidepressants

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11
Q

Buzzword in Stem for CLOSED Glaucoma

A

Halos around lights

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12
Q

CLOSED GLAUCOMA

  1. Size of pupil

and

  1. appearance of Cornea
A

Fixed and dilated

Hazy

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13
Q

Whilst waiting for ambulance CLOSED GLAUCOMA (3)

A

Supine without pillow
Pilocarpine (2% blue eyes/ 4% brown eyes)
Oral medication Acetazolamide

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14
Q

Definitive treatment Acute Angle Closure Glaucoma

A

Laser Iridotomy

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15
Q

abnormal blood vessels (neovascularization) and their leakage, leading to rapid vision loss. Which disease?

A

Wet Age-Related Macular Degeneration

Proliferative Diabetic Retinaopthy

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16
Q

2 key features of Wet ARMD?

A

New Vessel Formation and Oedema

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17
Q

1 key feature of Dry ARMD

A

yellow deposits (Drusen)

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18
Q

Area of vision first affected in both types ARMD?

Which is more sudden, dry or wet ARMD?

A

Central vision loss

Wet ARMD, sudden and severe

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19
Q

Home Test for both types of ARMD VISION LOSS?

A

Amsler Grid

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20
Q

Clinical DIAGNOSTIC Test for both types of ARMD VISION LOSS?

A

Optical Coherence Tomography

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21
Q

Primary treatment for wet and dry ARMD

A

Wet ARMD= Monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections

Dry ARMD= nutritional supplements

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22
Q

3 key features of Diabetic Retinopathy

A
  1. Neovascularisation
  2. Microaneurysms
  3. Hard exudates
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23
Q

Diabetic Retinopathy Treatments (2)

A

Laser Photocoagulation

Intravitreal Anti VEGF Injections

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24
Q

Hypertensive Retinopathy
which 3 key buzzwords?

A

Flame Haemorrhages

Arteriovenous (A/V) Nicking

silver wiring

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25
Hypertensive Retinopathy classification
Keith-Wagener Classification Stage 4- = Stage 3 + papilledema
26
What is absent in cataracts
Absent Red (fundus) Reflex
27
Appearance of Lights in Cataracts
''Starbursts around lights''
28
Treatment if needed for Catarats
Surgical replacement with artificial lense
29
Serious complication of cataract treatment
Endophthalmitis (infection inside the eye)
30
Horner's syndrome - 3 buzzwords
Ptosis Miosis Anhidrosis
31
Congenital Horner syndrome is associated with what?
heterochromia (a difference in iris colour on the affected side).
32
Holmes-Adie syndrome (2 buzzwords)
slow or absent reaction to light Absent Reflexes (knee ankle)
33
Argyll-Robertson Pupil (2 buzzwords)
Light-Near Dissociation Neurosyphilis
34
Which disease and which gland dysfunction?
Blepharitis refers to inflammation of the eyelid margins. Meibomian glands dysfunction
35
Which disease and which glands affected?
chalazion glands of Zeis/ Moll
36
Which disease and which gland affected? PAINLESS
Chalazion/ Meibomian cyst Meibomian Gland
37
Which disease and eyelid movement?
Entropian eye Inward Turning
38
Which disease and eyelid movement
ectropion Outward turning
39
Which disease?
Trichiasis , inward growth of the eyelashes
40
Which disease, how to differentiate from more severe orbital cellulitis?
periorbital cellulitis Preseptal Inflammation, not extending past the orbital septum, differentiating it from the more severe orbital cellulitis.
41
Which disease, and 1 key buzzword and what is treatment
anterior uveitis, indicating the part of the uvea affected. Cycloplegics - cyclopentolate or atropine eye drops
42
Which disease Which drops can be used to help differentiate this pathology with scleritis
Episcleritis phenylephrine eye drops helps differentiate between episcleritis and scleritis (phenylephrine does not cause blanching of the eye in scleritis as the vessels are too deep)
43
Which disease, and which 2 associated systemic diseases
Rheumatoid arthritis Vasculitis, particularly granulomatosis with polyangiitis (GPA)
44
Which disease, A XXX stain can be applied to the eye to help diagnose this disease. This is a yellow-orange colour and collects in abrasions or ulcers, highlighting them, particularly when viewed under YYY light. What is XXX and YYY. What is the least viscous eye drops?
Corneal Abbrasion XXX= Fluorescein stain YYY= Blue Cobalt light Eye drops= hypermelose
45
Which disease? Which infection? Key feature? Treatment?
herpes simplex keratitis HSV dendritic corneal ulcer Anti-viral eg aciclovir
46
Which disease? Main cause?
Subconjunctival Haemorrhage Idiopathic Patient may have underlying health issues ie hypertension
47
Which disease? What can it lead to?
Posterior vitreous detachment Can lead to retinal detachment
48
Disease? 2 Key buzzwords 3 treatment options
Rhegmatogenous: This is the most common type of retinal detachment Buzzwords: 1. Curtain 2. Photopsia 3 treatment options: Pneumatic Retinopexy, Scleral Buckle, Vitrectomy:
49
WHICH DISEASE what is worse, BRVO or CRVO What causes decreased fine vision? 3 treatment options
Disease= CRVO key buzzwords= Blood and thunder CRVO = MORE SEVERE BRVO =LESS SEVERE Macular Edema Ischemic vs. Non-Ischemic 1. Anti-VEGF therapies (e.g., ranibizumab and aflibercept) 2. Dexamethasone intravitreal implant (to treat macular oedema) 3. Laser photocoagulation (to treat new vessels)
50
Which disease? Key finding on fundoscopy? Describe what feeling/happens to patient 3 key causes
Central Retinal Artery Occlusion (CRAO) Cherry-Red Spot: Unilateral paninless, Sudden Vision Loss: '' curtain falling over the eye'' Common cause= embolism/ atherosclerosis/ giant cell arteritis,
51
Which disease? What degenerates more leading to what? What buzzword
Retinitis Pigmentosa (RP) Rods degenerate quicker than cones Night vision loss bone-spicule pigmentation
52
Vitreous Hemorrhage , key buzzwords (1)
Reddish or Dark Vision (Tint)
53
optic neuritis, 5 key buzzwords
**Central Scotoma ** Pain on eye movement Unilateral Visual loss (often sudden) **RAPD - (Relative Afferent Pupillary Defect)** Colour issues
54
LR6 SO4 (AO3)
Lateral rectus muscle (nerve 6) side to side aBduction Superior oblique muscle (nerve 4) look down
55
Pituitary adenoma, 3 buzzwords
Visual Field Defects (bitemporal hemianopia) Hormonal Imbalance Headache
56
nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy, 3 buzzwords
Microaneurysms Hard Exudates **Dot and Blot Hemorrhages**
57
proliferative diabetic retinopathy 3 buzzwords
Neovascularization: Vitreous Hemorrhage Fibrovascular Proliferation:
58
viral keratitis, 3 buzzwords
Dendritic Ulcers herpes simplex virus keratitis. Decreased Corneal Sensation: Photophobia
59
Absence of fundal reflex adults (3)
Cataracts vitreous hemorrhage retinal detachment
60
Absence of fundal reflex children (4)
Cataracts vitreous hemorrhage retinal detachment Retinoblastoma
61
Which disease
Retinoblastoma
62
Which disease
Glaucoma > Cup: Disc
63
Which disease
DARMD (90% cases) Note Drusens
64
Which disease
WARMD (10%) Acute presentation
65
Which disease
Diabetic retinopathy Cotton wool spots
66
Which treatment for which disease
photocoagulation, PDR
67
Which diease
Hypertensive retinopathy Flame Haemorrhages Arteriovenous (A/V) Nicking silver wiring
68
Which disease
Branch retinal vein occlusion
69
Which disease
Branch retinal artery occlusion Palour Cherry red spot
70
Which disease
Central retinal artery occlusion Cherry red spot Sudden painless loss of vision Pale retina
71
Which disease
Central retinal vein occlusion Blood and thunder
72
Which disease
Papilloedema Blurred disk margins increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
73
Disease (3)
Retinitis Pigmentosa rods Night blindness
74
Eye opening Which 2 muscles Which nerve (s) What muscle weakness linked to Horners?
levator (LPS) and Muller's (Sympathetic Control) Levator = 3rd nerve Occulamotor Mullers weakness linked to= Horners
75
Eye closing muscle and nerve
Eye closing = orbicularis oculi 7th nerve
76
Which disease- and nerve innervation
Esotropia 6th Nerve Abducens
77
Which disease- and nerve innervation
Exotropia 3rd nerve Occulamotor nerve
78
Ptosis, down+ out eye, dilated pupil Muscle+ nerve effected?
Exotropia, 3rd Nerve, elevator palpebrae superioris (diabetes)
79
Vertical Diplopia, going down stairs, head tilt Muscle+nerve
Superior Oblique Muscle intorsion 4th Nerve-Trochlear
80
Horizontal Diplopia, limited eye abduction Nerve+ muscle
6th Nerve Estropia? Lateral Rectus Muscle
81
Retinal detachment 3 buzzwords
Flashes Floaters sudden vision loss
82
In audiogram Gap= x No gap = y
Gap= conductive no gap= sensorineural

Year 2 Divs (12 decks)

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