Option D5

Question 1

What is the endocrine system made out of ?

Answer 1

Comprised of ductless glands that release chemicals into the blood to regulate body functions

Question 2

Endocrine System

What is a hormone?

Answer 2

A chemical messanger that is transported indiscrimanately to the bloodstream

Question 3

Endocrine System

What is sepcial about hormones?

Answer 3

They are specific so only target cell or tissue that have appropriate target receptor

Question 4

Endocrine Glands

What are examples of endocrine glands?

Answer 4

-Pancreas that releases insulin/glucagon to the liver to regulate blood sugar levels
-Adrenal gland release adrenaline and cortisol to many target organs for fight or flight anti-stress
-Thyroid gland releases thyroxin to the liver to regulate metabolic rate
-Pineal gland release melatonin to many organs and acts as digital clock

Question 5

Endocrine Glands

What are neuroendocrine glands?

Answer 5

They link nervous to endocrine system

Question 6

Endocrine Glands

What are examples of neuroendocrine glands?

Answer 6

Hypothalamus and pituatury gland

Question 7

Types of Hormones

What are the 2 different types of hormones?

Answer 7

Steroid and peptide hormones

Question 8

Steroid Hormones

What are steroid hormones?

Answer 8

They are lipophilic, meaning they can easily diffuse across membrane

Question 9

Steroid Hormones

How is the receptor hormone complex formed?

Answer 9

The steroid hormones bind to receptors in nucleus or cytoplasm

Question 10

Steroid Hormone

What happens to the receptor hormone complex?

Answer 10

Move into nucleus and bind to DNA acting as transcription factor for gene expression

Question 11

**Steroid Hormones **

What are examples of steroid hormones?

Answer 11

Estrogen, progesterone, and testosterone

Question 12

Peptide Hormones

What are peptide hormones?

Answer 12

They are hydrophylic and lipophobic, meaning they cannot move across plasma membrane

Question 13

Peptide Hormones

How is the hormone receptor complex formed?

Answer 13

Hormones bind to receptors on surface found on surface of cell, which are coupled to internally anchored proteins

Question 14

Peptide Hormones

What does the hormone receptor protein do?

Answer 14

They activate second messangers which initiate cell activity

Question 15

Peptide Hormones

What is the process of cell activity initiation called?

Answer 15

Signal transduction

Question 16

Peptide Hormones

What is the use of second messangers?

Answer 16

Amplify initial message

Question 17

**Peptide Hormones **

What are examples of peptide hormones?

Answer 17

Insulin, glucagon, and leptin

Question 18

Pituitary Gland

What is the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

The section of the brain that links the nervous and endocrine systems in order to maintain homeostasis

Question 19

Pituitary Gland

What are the functions of the hypothalamus?

Answer 19

-It receives information from nerves throughout the body and other parts of the brain and initiates endocrine responses
-It secretes neurochemicals (called releasing factors) into a portal system which target the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
-It also secretes hormones directly into the blood via neurosecretory cells that extend into the posterior pituitary lobe

Question 20

Pituitary Gland

What is the pituitary gland?

Answer 20

Lies adjacent to the hypothalamus and is in direct contact due to a portal blood system

Question 21

Pituitary Gland

What are the 2 lobes that the pituitary gland consists of?

Answer 21

Anterior and posterior lobe

Question 22

Pituitary Gland

What is the function of the anterior lobe?

Answer 22

As the hypothalamus produces releasing factors into portal vessels by neurosecretory cells, the releasing factors will cause endocrine cells in the anterior pitiatuiry to release specific hormones into blood stream

Question 23

Pituitary Gland

What is the function of the posterior lobe?

Answer 23

Releases hormones produced by the hypothalamus itself via neurosecretory cells, these neurosecretory cells extend into the posterior lobe from the hypothalamus and release hormones into the blood

Question 24

Pituitary Gland

What are the body processes that pituitary hormones control?

Answer 24

-Metabolism
-Adult development
-Reproduction
-Growth
-Equilibrium

Question 25

# **Growth Hormone** What is the growth hormone?

Answer 25

Anabolic peptide hormone that stimulates growth

Question 26

# **Growth Hormone** What are the functions of the growth hormone?

Answer 26

-It acts directly to reduce the formation of adipose cells -It acts indirectly via insulin growth factor (IGF) – produced by the liver – to increase muscle mass and bone size

Question 27

# **Growth Hormone** Where are growth hormones usually used?

Answer 27

By some athletes as a performance enhancer

Question 28

# **Growth Hormone** How can the growth hormone be detected?

Answer 28

Traditional urine testing could not detect doping, which historically made bans difficult to enforce. Recent blood tests can now identify between natural and artificial variants of growth hormone

Question 29

# **Lactation** What is lactation?

Answer 29

The production and secretion of milk by maternal mammary glands

Question 30

# **Lactation** What is lactation controlled by?

Answer 30

Oxytocin and prolactin

Question 31

# **Lactation** What is prolactin?

Answer 31

It is responsible for the development of the mammary glands and the production of milk. It is secreted by the anterior pituitary in response to the release of PRH from hypothalamus. The effects of prolactin are inhibited by progesterone, which prevents milk production from occurring prior to birth

Question 32

# **Lactation** What is oxytocin?

Answer 32

It is responsible for the release of milk from the mammary glands. It is produced in the hypothalamus and secreted by neurosecretory cells that extend into the posterior pituitary. Oxytocin release is triggered by stimulation of sensory receptors in the breast tissue by the suckling infant. This creates a positive feedback loop that will result in continuous oxytocin secretion until the infant stops feeding