OR TOOLS AND INSTRUMENTS

Question 1

the power in the Or usually has

Answer 1

isolated power systems due to the overloads and possible fires

Question 2

Electrosurgical unit

Answer 2

-also called the bovie
-is used to cut, coagulate, dissect, ablate, and shrink tissue by applying alternating electrical current through tissue

Question 3

what are the two modes of the electrosurgical generator?

Answer 3

monopolar ESU
bipolar ESU

Question 4

What is monopolar ESU and what are its components?

Answer 4

commonly used to coagulate tissue but can be used for cutting

three components
-generator
-active electrode
- grounding pad

Question 5

what is bipolar ESU and what components

Answer 5

-is only used to coagulate tissue
-the active and return electrodes of the bipolar mode are two-pronged

Question 6

RF capacitive coupling

Answer 6

happens when an alternating current flows from the active electrode of the ESU, through the intact insulation, and into the surgeon’s skin

Question 7

dielectric breakdown

Answer 7

happens when high voltage damages an insulating material, such as surgical gloves and causes a burn

Question 8

harmonic scalpel

Answer 8

-ultrasonic energy
-utilizes mechanical vibrations to cut and coagulate tissue at the point of impact.
-can vibrate at the rate of 55,500 times per sec

Question 9

cavitron ultrasonic surgical aspirator

Answer 9

used in neurosurgery and other surgeries involving tumors.

Question 10

what is laser acronym

Answer 10

light amplification by the stimulated emission of radiation

Question 11

explain lasers

Answer 11

laser light is monochromatic, its photons have the same color or wavelength, and depending on the their
-absorption (produces heat)
-transmission
-reflection
-scattering

Question 12

what are the different active medias used for liquids

Answer 12

-gas
-liquid
-solid
-semiconductor crystals

Question 13

Carbon Dioxide laser

Answer 13

-most common in surgeries
- can remove thin layers of tissue from the skin surface without affecting the deeper layers
-removal of skin cancer and some precancerous

Question 13

ND and HO: YAG lasers

Answer 13

-two lasers that utilize yttrium-aluminum-garnet (YAG) solid crystals combined with neodymium or holmium elements
-used in ophthalmological and urological procedures

Question 14

krypton laser

Answer 14

-is a gas laser
-the laser beam is absorbed less by hemoglobin so it wont destroy tissue in ophthalmological procedures/

Question 15

excimer lasers

Answer 15

-active medium used from gases and halogens
- can cut and coagulate tissue with out a noticeable spread of thermal damage

Question 16

argon laser

Answer 16

-treatment of diabetic retinopathy
-vaporizagion of bladder tumors through a cystoscope
-treatment of angiodysplasias within the intestines thin wall

Question 17

MIS- methods of access

Answer 17

two entry routes
-natural body orifices
-transcutaneous access using insufflation needs and trocars

Question 18

endoscopes

Answer 18

An instrument that allows practitioners to look within the body of a patient

Question 19

fiberoptic lighting

Answer 19

necessary to deliver extremely bright, intense light to the operative field, can not be left unattended because may start a fire.

Question 20

first-generation robots

Answer 20

simple mechanical devices that precisely perform repetitive motions at high speeds. has no AI and needs supervision

Question 21

second-generation robots

Answer 21

they may have tactile or pressure sensors and features that do not require constant supervision.

Question 22

third-generation robots

Answer 22

are autonomous, work independently and do not require human supervision

Question 23

fourth-generation robots

Answer 23

surpass the other robot generations, these robots are still in development, they are projected to have intelligence that exceeds the collective computing power of humans

Question 24

glutaraldehyde

Answer 24

-known as Cidex, most efficient high-level disinfectant -used for the instruments -alkyate cell protein -does not damage metals, and plastics and rubber

Question 25

Sodium Hypochlorite

Answer 25

-known as bleach, an effective disinfectant -used for surfaces and equipment -destroys metabolism of cells -will damage metal, plastic, and rubber

Question 26

phenol (carbolic acid)

Answer 26

-used for general cleaning -alters the molecular structure of enzymes and leads to cell lysis

Question 27

quaternary ammonium compounds

Answer 27

-can be used as a pseudomonacidal, bactericidal, and fungicidal disinfectant -leads to leakage of a microbes protoplasm

Question 28

alcohol (ethyl and isopropyl)

Answer 28

-used to disinfect non-critical items and surfaces -alters the molecular structure of protein, and causes cell lysis and metabolic disruption

Question 29

What are the two ways to sterilize instruments?

Answer 29

-immediate-use steam sterilization method -liquid chemical process method

Question 30

what are the characteristics of steam?

Answer 30

-Temperature -pressure -moisture -air

Question 31

thermal- steam or dry heat

Answer 31

-most metal surgical instruments - powered instruments -micro instruments

Question 32

gas- ethylene oxide, gas plasma

Answer 32

-delicate instuments -fiberoptic instruments -plastic, rubber, porous instruments

Question 33

chemical- cidex, peracetic acid(steris)

Answer 33

-lensed instruments -fiberoptic instuments -heat-sensitive

Question 34

what are the four main methods of monitoring the sterilization process?

Answer 34

-mechanical (records) -chemical( indicators) - biological (BI) -administrative (recorded by operator)

Question 35

gas sterilization

Answer 35

-used to sterilize materials that cannot be sterilized using steam sterilization -ethylene oxide(EtO) has been used as the major chemical to sterilize these materials -very expensive and takes up to 16 hours to complete

Question 36

hydrogen peroxide gas plasma (HPGP)

Answer 36

-known as sterradTM -uses gas at a low temperature to sterilize materials that are sensitive to heat or moisture -much safer then the EtO method

Question 37

what are the two primary liquid chemical sterilization compounds used?

Answer 37

- Peracetic acid - Glutaraldehyde

Question 38

what are other types of sterilization methods

Answer 38

-ionizing radiation -ozone gas sterilzation -vaporized hydrogen peroxide (not fda approved)

Question 39

what should you do when there is sudden cardiac arrest

Answer 39

CPR

Question 40

what is malignant hyperthermia?

Answer 40

it is a life threatening, severe reaction to an anesthetic agent, such as (halothane ,enflurane, or isoflurane)

Question 41

what are some of the symptoms of malignant hyperthermia

Answer 41

-rapid heart rate -severe muscle rigidity or spasms -shallow breathing and problems with low oxygen -sweating

Question 42

what is the treatment of malignant hyperthermia?

Answer 42

it with dantrolene medication (dantrium, ryanodex, revonto, ice packs to cool the body down

Question 43

what is disseminated intravascular coagulation?

Answer 43

it is a pathological process and a serious disorder in which the proteins that control blood clotting become overactive that leas to blood coagulation within the body

Question 44

what is anaphylaxis?

Answer 44

a potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can occur within seconds or minutes of exposure to a substance or protein the patient is allergic to

Question 45

what are the 3 federal emergency agencies that help with emergency response

Answer 45

-FEMA -NRF -NDMS