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Anatomy > Oral Canncer > Flashcards

Oral Canncer Flashcards

1
Q

3 major groups of tumours

A

Carcinomas

2.Sarcomas

3.Leukaemia’s and lymphomas

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2
Q

Carcinomas

A

A general term, refers to cancer affecting the surface areas and epithelial cells of the body or organs
•Can occur anywhere and are named for where they occur
•95% of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinoma

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3
Q

Sarcomas

A

A general term for cancer that affects connective tissue and its derivatives e.g. muscles and tendons
•Arise in mesodermal tissue
•Can affect many parts of the body e.g. bone: osteosarcoma

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4
Q

Leukaemias and lymphomas

A

Leukaemias:
•cancers of the white blood cells (sometimes red)
•Results in cell proliferation
•No solid tumour
Lymphomas:
•Cancer of the lymph nodes (2 types: Hodgkin’s Lymphoma or Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma)

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5
Q

Factors that contribute to oral cancer

A

Alcohol and tobacco contribute to oral cancers

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6
Q

Oral cancers sings to look for

A

Signs to look out for:
•A white patch (leukoplakia) and/or red patch (erythroplasia) on gums, tongue or lining of the mouth

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7
Q

Oral cancer sings to look out for

A

A small ulcer that fails to heal
•A lump or mass that can be felt on the lip or in the mouth or throat
•Unusual bleeding, pain or numbness in the mouth
•Pain and/difficulty with chewing and swallowing
•Persistent sore throat, feeling something is stuck
•Swelling of the jaw. Ill fitting or uncomfortable dentures
•Hoarse voice that lasts along time

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8
Q

Most common sites of oral cancers

A

The lower lip
•Tongue – especially the sides and as it approaches the throat
•Floor of the mouth
•The insides of the cheeks
•Any part of the mouth can however be affected

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9
Q

Squamous cell carcinoma

A

The most common type of malignant tumour in the mouth
•Affects mainly older adults
•Usual sites are edge of tongue and floor of mouth
•Ulcerates frequently and early spread to surrounding tissues and cervical lymph nodes
•Carries a poor prognosis
•95% of oral cancers are squamous

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10
Q

Diagnosis and staging of oral cancer

A

Patient presents with referral from GP or GDP
•Clinical examination, palpation or inspection
•X-ray or CT scan
•Biopsy
•Histological examination
•Other tests as required

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11
Q

Staging oral cancers

A

Lymph nodes would also need checking in case of metastases
•These would be classified with their own classification system
•The tumour and node classification is then grouped to determine the stage of the tumour
•This then informs decisions regarding possible treatments

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12
Q

Treatment of oral cancers

A

Surgery
•Radiation therapy
•Chemotherapy – particularly in patients with confirmed metastases to other organs and tissues
•Treatments used in combination, not just individually
•Early detection results in the best chance of successful treatment
•Major ablative surgery is required if cancer is large

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13
Q

Appliances prescribed post treatment

A

Cover plate
•Obturator

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14
Q

Oncology

A

the study and treatment of tumours and cancer

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15
Q

How are oral cancers named

A

Different classifications of cancers – normally named by site

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16
Q

Benign tumours

A

Accumulation of transformed cells reproducing in abnormal numbers
• Cells remaining in their tissues of origin
• They grow slowly
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• Form space occupying lesions which compress surrounding tissues
• Not usually life threatening – unless compressing a vital organ

17
Q

Malignant tumours

A

Comprised of cells capable of invading surrounding tissues (infiltration)
• These cells can be disseminated via the blood stream and lymphatic system
• Can be disseminated continuously along tracts (permeation), solitarily along tracts (embolus)
• Through body cavities (trans-coelomic)
• Cells appear immature

18
Q

metastases

A

These then form secondary tumours

19
Q

Dental carries what makes it grow

A

•Bacterial plaque containing cariogenic bacteria
•Fermentable carbohydrate (sugar)
•Stagnation areas
•Susceptible tooth surfaces
•Time for the process to develop

20
Q

Gingivitis

A

Usually caused by bacteria
•Gums red, halitosis, swollen and bleed easily
•In mildest form little or no discomfort
•Recede, loosen from teeth
•Tooth loss more frequent from gum disease than from tooth decay

21
Q

Gingivitis

A

Often caused by inadequate oral hygiene
•Inflammation caused by accumulation of plaque and bacteria that release enzymes
•Generally treated with a professional clean and reinstruction about oral hygiene
•This course of action should resolve the condition
•Gingivitis will normally be reversed within a few weeks

22
Q

Periodontitis

A

Untreated gingivitis can progress into periodontitis
•Affects the supporting structures of the teeth i.e. the gingivae, the alveolar process (the bone in the maxilla and mandible surrounding and supporting the teeth roots) and the periodontal ligament (a thin layer of dense fibrous connective tissue which acts as shock absorber and provides attachment for the tooth)
•Periodontitis – inflammation of the periodontal ligament and alveolar bone

23
Q

Periodontitis sings and symptoms

A

Sub-gingival plaque and calculus
•Inflammation and breakdown of periodontal ligament
•Periodontal pocketing and/or gingival recession
•Bone loss on x-rays
•Pus in periodontal pockets
•Loose teeth leading to lost teeth

24
Q

Oral cancers

A

95% of oral cancers are squamous cell carcinoma

75% of those diagnosed with oral cancer are tobacco users
•Heavy alcohol usage is also a contributing factor

25
Q

Oral cancers sings

A

A white patch (leukoplakia) and/or red patch (erythroplasia) on gums, tongue or lining of the mouth

26
Q

Oral cancers where are they

A

The lower lip
•Tongue – especially the sides and as it approaches the throat
•Floor of the mouth
•The insides of the cheeks
•Any part of the mouth can however be affected

27
Q

Changes to the enamel coz of cancer

A

Enamel –
–Destruction of
–Demineralised
–Porous
–Weakened
–Easily fractured
–Less resilient to further destruction
–Pain

28
Q

Changes to the dentine

A

–Weaker than enamel
–More easily decayed
–Caries progression into pulp cavity
–Weakened tooth
–Pain

29
Q

Periodontist

A

•Destruction of tooth supporting tissues
•Loose, mobile teeth
•Pain

30
Q

Bone loss

A

•Resorption of maxillary and/or mandibular alveolar ridge
•Reduction in tooth stability
•Teeth easily moved and or lost

31
Q

Effects on appliances

A

Effects on appliance design
–Retention
–Stability
–Clasping
–Available supporting structures (implants, crowns and bridges)
–Ability to restore
•Facial contour
•Aesthetics
•Form and function
•Quality of life

32
Q

Wound healing what happens

A

When tissue is injured a series of events occurs
Capillaries become permeable
•Allow clotting proteins to form a clot in area of injury
•This stops blood flow and loss
•Holds edges of wound together
•Prevents microbes spreading into surrounding tissue
•Where exposed to air forms a scab

33
Q

Wound healing pro and cons for

A

Systemic factors:
•Good nutritional status
•Good general health
Factors that reduce wound healing rate:
•Infection
•Impaired immunity
•Poor blood supply
•Systemic conditions e.g. diabetes, cancer

34
Q

Conditions required for wound healing:

A

Good blood supply
•Freedom from contamination

35
Q

what two way dose wound healing occur

A

regeneration
Fibrosis
Which one occurs depends on types of tissue damaged and severity of the injury

36
Q

would healing occurs

A

A delicate tissue made up mainly of new capillaries that grow into damaged areas
Capillaries are fragile and bleed easily
Contain phagocytes

37
Q

conditions required good

A

good nutrition status
Good general health

38
Q

reduce would healing rate

A

infection poor blood supply
Impaired immunity
Systemic conditions like cancer or diabetes

39
Q

factors affecting wound healing

A

blood supply
Dietary factors
Infection

Anatomy (6 decks)

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