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Gastrointestinal > Oral Cavitry And Pharynx Histology > Flashcards

Oral Cavitry And Pharynx Histology Flashcards

1
Q

Accessory organs of the GI tract includes what?

A

Parotid salivary gland

Sublingual salivary gland

Submandibular salivary gland

Teeth

Tongue

Liver

Gallbladder

Pancreas

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2
Q

What is the name of the primitive mouth in development?

A

The stomodeum
- a space in between the fore brain and the oropharyngeal membrane

forms via the cranial folding that occurs during week 3

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3
Q

Layers of the oral cavity

A

1) oral mucosa (found in all oral cavity structures)
- stratified squamous epithelium w/ various keratinization (parakeritinized)
- lamina propria sublayer is also present and consists of minor salivary glans/vessels/nerves/lymphoid tissues

2) Submucosa (found in lips/cheeks/soft palate and pharynx)
- dense irregular CT that contains submucosal salivary glands/vessels/nerves/lymph tissues

3) muscularis externa (found in lips/cheek/tongue/soft palate/pharynx)
- skeletal muscles innervated by somatic efferent nerves fibers and respective cranial nerves

4) adventitia (ONLY PHARYNX)
- loose CT that adheres to CT of other neighboring tissues to increase stability

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4
Q

What embryonic layers make up the oral cavity?

A

Surface ectoderm and underlying mesoderm

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5
Q

What is the vermilion zone in the lip?

A

Thin epithelium of the outer lips (transitional area between epidermis and mucosa of the oral cavity)

Has a very high density of micro vasculature and sensory nerve endings

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6
Q

The hypoglossal nerve (CN12) innervates all of the muscles of the tongue except which muscle

A

Palatoglossus

- vagus (CN10) nerve innervates this

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7
Q

What is the most common pathogen for pharyngitis and tonsillitis?

A

Streptococcus pyrogenes

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8
Q

What is the most common pathogen for leukoplakia

(white patch on the mucous membrane of mouth)?

A

EBV

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9
Q

What is the most common pathogen for oral thrush

A

Candida albicans

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10
Q

Canker sore vs cold sore

A

Canker sore = occurs on inner lip/tongue

  • never outside oral cavity or on the outer lip
  • causes are numerous

Cold sore = occurs in outer lip/vermilion zone of the lip

  • never inside the oral cavity or on inner lip
  • causes are less numerous with most common cause = HSV-3
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11
Q

What nerves innervate the salivary glands of the oral cavity?

A

Facial nerve

Glossopharyngeal nerve

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12
Q

Filiform papillae

A

Most numerous type

Appear elongated conical shape with heavily keratinized epithelium
- also look kinda gray or white

NO TASTE SENSATION, purpose is for food manipulation and swallowing

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13
Q

Foliate papillae

A

Rudimentary in adults, but very well defined in children

Contain few taste bods and are found on the lateral surfaces of the tongue

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14
Q

Fungiform papillae

A

2nd most common papillae

Small mushroom-shaped papilla interspersed among the filiform papilla

Highly keratinized and is well vascularized and well innervated

Few taste buds and are found on the apical surface of the tongue

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15
Q

Vallate papillae

A

Largest papillae that are arranged in a V-shaped line just in front of the sulcus terminalis

Have what appears to be a small “moat-like” groove around them where saliva forms around.

Have numerous taste buds and are the primary papillae involved in taste

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16
Q

Taste buds general

A

Ovoid structures embedded within stratified epithelium

  • most numerous in vallate papillae
  • not found on filiform papillae

All consist of 50-100 cells and turn-over rates of 7-10 days.
- also sensory nerve endings penetrate the basement membrane and synapse onto gustatory cells (basal membrane)

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17
Q

Salty taste buds

A

Use sodium ions channels to fire synapses

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18
Q

Sour taste buds

A

Use hydrogen ions to fire synapses

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19
Q

Sweet taste buds

A

Use saccharide compounds to fire synapses

20
Q

Bitter taste buds

A

Use alkaloids and toxins to fire synapses

21
Q

Umami taste buds

A

Use amino acids glutamate and aspartate to fire synapses

22
Q

What are the receptors for all the taste buds

A

All are G-protein coupled EXCEPT for the salty taste buds (ion channels)

23
Q

Outside of cranial nerves 7 and 9, what other cranial nerves are required for conscious perception of taste?

A

CN V3

CN 1

CN 9

24
Q

What is the purpose of Von ebner salivary glands?

A

To “wash out” particles that cause taste sensation from the taste buds
- otherwise you just keeping tasting the same stuff

25
Q

Components of the perception of food

A

1) taste
- response of taste buds
- salty/sweet/sour/Unami/bitter
- *the most important for actual somatic taste

2) smell
- response olfactory neurons
- the most important for distinguishing flavor

3) mouth feel
- response of somatic sensory receptors to the physical properties of food (firmness/texture)

4) Chemesthesis
- response of somatic nocireceptors that responds

5) vision
- visual cues = perception of food quality

26
Q

What are the 4 regions of a tooth?

A

Crown

Neck

Root

Pulp cavity

27
Q

How many permanent teeth are there and how many primary teeth (baby teeth) are there?

A

32 permanent

20 primary teeth

28
Q

What is the periodontia?

A

Includes all the tissues that surround the teeth and secure them into their sockets

Includes the

1) cementum
2) periodontal ligaments
3) alveolar bone
4) gingiva gums

29
Q

How does dentin and enamel become so hard?

A

Is very dense organized layering of calcium hydroxyapatite/type 1 collagen and proteoglycans

Dentin = 70% hydroxyapatite 
Enamel = 96% hydroxyapatite
30
Q

What are the cells responsible for forming dentin?

A

Odontoblasts

  • doesnt go away and persists throughout life (can replace dentin)
  • is neural crest cell derived
31
Q

What cells help form enamel?

A

Ameloblasts

  • go away after forming (cant produce new enamel)
  • is surface ectoderm derived
32
Q

Cavities

A

Holes in enamel

33
Q

Gingivitis vs periodontitis

A

Gingivitis = gum infections that doesn’t enter the bone cavities

Periodontitis = gum infections that does enter the bone cavities

34
Q

How much saliva is produced daily and what percentages are from major and minor glands?

A

75-1500 mL per day

90% = major

10% = minor

35
Q

What are acini?

A

Clusters of secretory epithelium within the parenchyma of a gland

Drain into intralobular ducts and work to modify saliva by reabsorbing Na+ and Cl- as well as adding digestive enzymes

There are 3 types

if combined with its ducts = salivon

36
Q

Serous acini

A

Serous cells that secrete watery fluid with enzymes and proteins

Cytoplasm stains dark pink/red and has a high density of RER and apical secretory granules
- are also pyramidal shaped

37
Q

Mucus acini

A

Mucus cells that secrete viscous fluid rich in mucin

Appear tubular-columnar with light staining

38
Q

Mixed (seromucus) acini

A

A combination of both serous and mucus cells

Appear crescent shaped

39
Q

Intercalated ducts

A

Lined with low-cuboidal epithelium

Collect secretory fluid from one or more acini

Release bicarbonate ions into saliva if need
Reabsorption Cl- ions if needed

40
Q

Striated ducts

A

Simple columnar lining with basal striations
- large numbers of mitochondria

Collect secretory fluid from multiple intercalated ducts

Release K+ and bicarbonate into saliva as needed

Add IgA into saliva from plasma cells

Reabsorption Na+ from saliva as needed

41
Q

Excretory ducts

A

Dense irregular CT and vessels surround it

Collects fluid from multiple striated ducts

Do a variety of tasks

42
Q

Percentage of serous vs mucus acini in each of the 3 major salivary glands in the oral cavity

A

Parotid = 100% serous
- looks very dark staining

Submandibular = 75% serous, 25% mucus
- looks dark and light (primarily dark staining)

Sublingual = 80% mucus, 20% serous
- looks light staining

43
Q

Xerostomia vs sialorrhea

A

Xerostomia = hypoperfusion of saliva

Sialorrhea = hyperperfusion of saliva

both can be caused by altered autonomic functions, inflammation, infections, radiation, drugs, etc.

can be caused due to improper clearance, NOT just over/under production

44
Q

Differences in major salivary glands

A

1) parotid glands
- has 1 major duct (Stensen duct)
- composed exclusively of serous acini
- parasympathetics = CN9 via V3 auriculotemporal nerve
- produces abundant a-amylase and proline rich proteins for antimicrobial properties
- has the facial nerve pass through (doesnt innervate)

2) submandibular glands
- has 1 major duct (wharton duct)
- composed of both serous and mixed acini
- accounts for 66% of saliva production
- Parasympathetics = CN7 via V3 lingual nerve
- secretes lysozyme, a-amylase and proline protiens
- has facial artery pass through (doesn’t supply)

3) sublingual glands
- *only major savilary gland located within the oral cavity
- multiple short ducts
- primary mixed acini
- parasympathetics = CN7 via V3 lingual nerve
- adds amylase and lysozyme to salvia

45
Q

What nerve carries visceral afferent information from the base of tongue and pharynx

A

Vagus nerve

Gastrointestinal (71 decks)

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