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BDS2: Anatomy > Oral Functions > Flashcards

Oral Functions Flashcards

(78 cards)

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0
Q

What is the origin of the masseter?

A

Zygomatic arch

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1
Q

How would you test the function of the masseter?

A

Place one finger intra-orally and one on the cheek and ask patient to clench.

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2
Q

What is the insertion of the masseter?

A

Lateral surface of the angle of the mandible

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3
Q

What is the function of the masseter?

A

Elevation of the mandible

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4
Q

What is the origin of the temporalis?

A

The floor of the temporal fossa

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5
Q

What is the insertion of the temporalis?

A

Coronoid process and anterior border of ramus

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6
Q

What is the action of the temporalis?

A

Elevates and retracts mandible

Assists in side to side movement of mandible

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7
Q

How would you test the function of the temporalis?

A

Palpate its origin (just above the ear) by asking the patient to clench together.

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8
Q

What is the origin of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Upper - greater wing of sphenoid bone

Lower - lateral surface of the lateral pterygoid plate

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9
Q

What is the insertion of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

Superior belly - intra articular disc

Inferior belly - anterior border of the condyle of the mandible

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10
Q

What is the function of the lateral pterygoid?

A

Depresses, protracts and creates side to side movement of the mandible.

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11
Q

How would you test the function of the lateral pterygoid muscle?

A

It is not possible to accurately palpate this muscle.
Best examined by recording its response to resisted movement.
Place palm underneath chin and ask patient to open and close their mouth.

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12
Q

What is the origin of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Superficial head - tuberosity of maxilla

Deep head - medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate & palatine bone

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13
Q

What is the insertion of the medial pterygoid?

A

Medial surface of angle of the mandible and ramus of the mandible

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14
Q

What is the action of the medial pterygoid?

A

Elevates the mandible.

Assist the lateral pterygoid in moving jaw side to side (protrusion)

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15
Q

What muscles are involved in jaw elevation?

A

Masseter, temporalis, medial pterygoid, superior belly of the lateral pterygoid

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16
Q

What muscles are involved in jaw depression?

A

The anterior digastrics, geniohyoid, mylohyoid, inferior belly of the lateral pterygoid

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17
Q

How would you examine the function of the medial pterygoid muscle?

A

Does not respond well to palpation or resistive movement tests.
There is no accurate way to test the function of this muscle.

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18
Q

What is the function of the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Connect the hyoid bone with the mandible & skull.

Elevate the hyoid bone and related structures.

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19
Q

What are the suprahyoid muscles?

A

Digastric
Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Stylohyoid

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20
Q

What are the infrahyoid muscles?

A 
Thyrohyoid
Sternothyroid
Omohyoid
Sternohyoid
(Trauma SOS)
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21
Q

What’s another name for the infrahyoid muscles?

A

Strap muscles

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22
Q

What anatomical features do the infrahyoid muscles connect?

A

Connect hyoid bone, thyroid cartilage and shoulder girdle.

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23
Q

What are the instrinsic tongue muscles and what is their function?

A

Longitudinal, vertical, transverse.
Alter shape.
(LoVe Train)

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24
What are the extrinsic tongue muscles and what is their function?
Genioglossus, hyoglossus, palatoglossus, styloglossus. | Alter shape and position.
25
What facial muscles help to control food bolus and prevent spillage?
Buccinator and orbicularis oris
26
What type of joint is the TMJ?
synovial diarthrodial joint - lubricated by synovial fluid & joint space is divided into two separate compartments by means of an intra-articular disc
27
How would you palpate the TMJ?
Intra auricular palpation - Place pinky finger in the ear (external auditory meatus) and apply a gentle forward pressure Lateral palpation - pre auricular area (in front of tragus of ear)
28
What is the function of the stylomandibular and sphenomandibular ligaments?
Function is not clear but it is thought that they limit lateral movements of the condyle.
29
What are the two different movements of the TMJ?
Rotation - initial openening, hinge movement | Translation - wider opening, sliding, protrusive/retrusive
30
What is the maximum biting force between molars?
200-700N
31
What factors affect the maximum biting force?
``` Muscle mass (bigger muscles, larger force) Parafunction (bruxism) ```
32
What are the types of muscle fibre?
Type I - slow, low forces, fatigue resistant | Type II - fast, stronger forces, fatiguable, subtypes (IIA, IIX, IIB)
33
Where is the greatest biting force generated?
Between 1st molars
34
What nerves supply sensorial innervation to the teeth?
Inferior alveolar nerve (mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve) Superior alveolar nerve (maxillary branch of mandibular nerve)
35
What stimulates the gag reflex?
Mechanical stimulation of fauces, palate, posterior tongue and pharynx
36
What is the purpose of the gag reflex?
Acts to prevent material entering the pharynx
37
What can you do to accommodate for patients with an oversensitive gag reflex?
Tell patients to wriggle toes or clench fists to distract them. Impression Material - ensure it is a cold temperature and is not overly runny. Tell patient to take a deep breath before the treatment.
38
What nerves are involved in the gag reflex?
Afferent - glossopharyngeal (IX) Efferent - trigeminal (V), glossopharyngeal (IX), vagus (X), accessory (XI), hypoglossal (XII) *basically the last 4 cranial nerves & the trigeminal
39
What are the clinical signs of Bell's Palsy?
``` Smoothing of the forehead Unable to wrinkle eyebrow Drooping eyelid & inability to close eye Inability to puff cheeks; no muscle tone Drooping mouth; food stuck in cheek ```
40
What are the five branches of the facial nerve?
``` Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical ```
41
Where does the facial nerve exit the skull?
Stylomastoid foramen
42
What is Bell's Palsy?
Facial paralysis with no other associated causes e.g. tumour, trauma, salivary gland inflammation, LA injection
43
What are the possible causes of Bell's Palsy?
Diabetes Trauma Temporary infiltration of LA into the facial nerve during dental treatment Toxins Otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear) Infections (HSV, cold sores)
44
How would you treat a patient with LA induced Bell's Palsy?
Cover eye with a loose pad until protective blink mechanism returns. Inform the patient of what has happened. Reassure patient that it will return to normal.
45
What receptors are responsible for taste?
Oral chemoreceptors
46
What receptors are responsible for smell?
Nasal chemoreceptors
47
What senses & receptors are present in mucosa (mouth, pharynx) and facial skin?
Mechanoreceptors Nociceptors Thermoreceptors
48
What is a mechanoreceptor?
A sensory receptor that responds to mechanical pressure or distortion
49
Compare cold and warm thermoreceptors.
``` Cold: Increased rate of firing with decreased temp Found at the dermis-epidermis junction A-delta and C fibre afferent axons Warm: Increased firing with increased temp Found in the dermis C fibre afferent axons ```
50
What is proprioception?
'self-sense' Awareness of position and orientation of body parts e.g. allows you to type without looking at the keyboard
51
What receptors contribute to interdental size discrimination?
TMJ receptors Muscle receptors PDL receptors
52
What is interdental discrimination?
Ability to gauge extent of mouth opening Coordination of masticatory movements Monitoring size of food particles Detection of high spots (occlusion)
53
What taste buds are present on the tongue?
Fungiform papillae Foliate papillae Circumvallate papillae *there are some tastebuds on the palate and epiglottus
54
What foods do humans have high & low taste thresholds to?
Relatively high thresholds - salty, sweet substances | Relatively low thresholds - acidic, bitter substances
55
What is anosmia?
A loss of olfactory sense
56
What is oral 'size illusion'?
Things seem bigger in the mouth
57
Perceptions can be shaped by:
Learning, memory and expectation
58
Causes of dysphagia
``` Stroke (unilateral) Brain injury Multiple sclerosis Gastro-oesophageal reflux disorder (GORD) Tumour ```
59
What is dysphagia?
Difficulty swallowing
60
How would you detect if a patient has had a stroke?
Compare sensorial and motor functions of each side of the face.
61
What are the three stages of feeding?
Ingestion - movement of food from external environment into the mouth Stage I Transport - moving material from the front of the mouth to the posterior teeth Mechanical processing - breaking down of solid foods, moist solid foods (e.g. fruit) have fluid removed
62
What muscles are involved in food processing?
Muscles of mastication Supra-hyoid muscles Tongue muscles Lips & cheek muscles (buccinator & orbicularis oris)
63
What are the chewing cycle phases?
1. Opening phase - jaw depressor muscles are active 2. Closing phase - jaw elevator muscles are active 3. Occlusal phase - mandible is stationary/teeth joined
64
What is the action of the tongue in chewing?
Controls the bolus Gathers food and rotates to reposition the bolus on the occlusal table Keeps the bolus on the chewing surfaces (along w/ the cheeks) Moves the bolus from side-to-side of the mouth Gathers the bolus for transport Squeeze-back mechanism
65
What is the purpose of mechanical breakdown of food? i.e. chewing
Facilitates swallowing Might improve digestive efficiency in GI tract *does not require full dentition to be adequate
66
What is the minimum number of teeth required for normal masticatory function?
20 teeth - so 10 occluding sets | Shortened dental arch concept (11-15, 22-25)
67
What is dysphasia?
Specific language disorder involving damage to particular parts of the brain - Broca's area & Wernicke's area. Results in inability to communicate.
68
What is dysarthia?
Difficulty speaking caused by neuromuscular defects with the muscles used in speech. Results in poorly articulated speech.
69
What is a cleft palate?
Oral and nasal cavities are not separated as they fail to fuse in utero. Results in speech with a 'nasal' quality. Must be repaired or filled with an obturator.
70
How would you test for xerostomia?
See if finger sticks to the mucosa
71
What is a mandibular torus?
Benign osteoma of the mandible that doesn't effect the persons health in any way. Becomes a problem when patient requires partial or complete dentures - may be necessary to remove it.
72
What is palatinus torus?
Benign osteoma of the hard palate.
73
What are consonants?
Letters that involve partial or complete stoppage of airflow when speaking. Fricatives, plosives & nasals.
74
What are fricatives?
Escape of air through constriction | s, f, v, th, ph
75
What are plosives?
Sudden release of air after complete stoppage of airflow | p, b, t, d, k, g
76
What are nasals?
Air flows through nose. | m, n, ng
77
How is vowel articulation determined?
Shape of the lips and position of tongue.

BDS2: Anatomy (2 decks)

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