ORAL MED RLE Flashcards
(109 cards)
1
Q
Substance that is used to treat,
cure, prevent, or diagnose a
disease or to promote well-
being. Medications can include
prescription drugs, over-the-
counter drugs, and herbal
remedies
A
Medication
2
Q
It is a drug that is taken by
mouth and absorbed into the
bloodstream through the
digestive system to achieve a
systemic or local effect
A
Or Al medication
3
Q
A chemical substance used in
the diagnosis, treatment, or
prevention of disease or other
abnormal condition, or to
enhance physical or mental well-
being
A
Drug
4
Q
A condition in which a person
develops a physical or
psychological need for a drug,
characterized by the inability to
stop using the substance
despite harmful consequences
A
Drug dependency
5
Q
A phenomenon in which
repeated use of a drug results in
a reduced effect of the drug
over time, requiring higher doses
to achieve the same effect
A
Drug tolerance
6
Q
The branch of medicine
concerned with the study of
drug action, including the
interactions between drugs and
living organisms to produce
therapeutic or toxic effects
A
Pharmacology
7
Q
An unwanted or harmful reaction
experienced following the
administration of a drug or
combination of drugs under
normal conditions of use, which
suggests a causal relationship
A
Adverse reaction
8
Q
A substance or treatment with
no active therapeutic effect,
often used as a control in clinical
trials to assess the efficacy of a
new treatment
A
Placebo effect
9
Q
The branch of pharmacology
concerned with the absorption,
distribution, metabolism, and
excretion of drugs and their
effects on the body over time
A
Pharmacokinetics
10
Q
The study of the biochemical
and physiological effects of
drugs on the body, including the
mechanisms of action and the
relationship between drug
concentration and effect
A
Pharmacodynamic
11
Q
Refers to the path by which a
drug or substance is taken into
the body, which can include oral,
intravenous, inhalation, and
topical administration
A
Route
12
Q
The number of times a drug or
treatment is administered within
a specific period
A
Frequency
13
Q
The proprietary name given to a
drug by its manufacturer, which
is protected by trademark and is
often used for marketing
purpose
A
Brand name
14
Q
The process by which a drug is
taken into the bloodstream after
it is administered, typically
through the gastrointestinal
tract, skin, or lungs
A
Absorption
15
Q
The process by which a drug is
carried from the bloodstream to
the site of action, tissues, and
organs throughout the body
A
Distribution
16
Q
The chemical alteration of a drug
or substance within the body,
primarily in the liver, which alters
its pharmacological properties
and prepares it for excretion
A
Biotransformation
17
Q
An unintended, usually
undesirable effect of a drug or
treatment that occurs in
addition to its intended
therapeutic effect
A
Side effects
18
Q
The amount, frequency, and
duration of drug administration
prescribed to achieve the
desired therapeutic effect
A
Dosage
19
Q
An official publication containing
a list of medicinal drugs and their
formulations, including
descriptions, dosage forms, and
standards for purity and quality
A
Pharmacopoeia
20
Q
Purpose of oral med
A
Restore a and maintaining the normal functioning
Prevent diseases
Rehab Ila time and palliative care
21
Q
Indicating of oral medication
A
Conscious patients
Patients who can swallow
Ordered bg the doctor
22
Q
Contraindications of oral med
A
Patient’s who vomits
Patients who cannot swallow
Patients with gastroenteritis
Patients with NPOstatus
23
Q
Advantages of oral med
A
Convenient
Not expensive
Safer
Comfort
Non-invasive
24
Q
Disadvantages
A
Teeth enamel discoloration
Unpleasant taste and odor
Slow absorbs
Irritation in gastric mucosal
25
A is a solid oral medication that
contains an active ingredient and
other substances for stability,
absorption, and taste. It is commonly
taken with water and is available over
the counter
Tablet
26
A is a tablet with a smooth,
oval shape, making it easier to
swallow. It has the same function as a
tablet but with a more streamlined
form
Caplet
27
A is a solid medication
enclosed in a gelatin or plant-based
shell containing liquid, powder, or
granulated medicine. It is designed for
oral consumption and dissolves in the
stomach
Capsule
28
is a slowly dissolving tablet
that provides local or systemic effects,
often used for sore throats and coughs.
It releases medication gradually,
allowing direct contact with the
affected area
Lozenge
29
is a concentrated liquid
form of a substance obtained from
plants, herbs, or other natural sources.
It is prepared using solvents like
alcohol, water, or glycerin to extract
active ingredients
Extract
30
a liquid medication
where solid particles are dispersed
but not dissolved, requiring shaking
before use. It is often used for patients
who have trouble swallowing solid
medications
Suspension
31
a liquid medication with an
active ingredient dissolved in an
alcohol-based solution for better
solubility and preservation. It is taken
orally and often flavored for better
taste
Elixir
32
liquid medication
containing sugar or sweeteners to
improve taste, often given to children
or those with swallowing difficulties. It
is used to treat symptoms like fever,
colds, and body aches
Syrup
33
a liquid or semi-liquid
medication applied to the skin to
relieve muscle and joint pain. It
typically contains ingredients like
menthol or methyl salicylate to
provide a warming or cooling effect
Liniment
34
liquid extract made by
soaking plant material in alcohol or a
water-alcohol mixture. It is used to
extract and preserve active
compounds from plants
Tincture
35
oil-and-water emulsion
applied to the skin for therapeutic or
cosmetic purposes. It is used to
moisturize, treat skin conditions, or
deliver medication directly to
affected areas
Cream
36
semi-solid substance
made of water, thickening agents, and
sometimes alcohol, often used in
topical medications. It has a smooth,
transparent, or translucent
appearance and is designed for easy
absorption
Get or Jelly
37
liquid or semi-liquid
preparation used to protect or treat
the skin, often containing
moisturizers, antiseptics, or
medications. It helps with dryness,
itching, infections, and irritation
Lotion
38
thick, oil-based
preparation that stays on the skin
longer for better absorption of active
ingredients. It is used to treat
infections, burns, and inflammatory
skin conditions
Ointment
39
thick, semi-solid topical
preparation made from powders
mixed with water or oils for a
spreadable consistency. It provides a
protective layer and helps soothe
irritated skin
Paste
40
solid medication
inserted into the rectum, vagina, or
urethra, where it dissolves to release
the active ingredient. It is often used
when oral medication is not an option
due to nausea or the need for rapid
absorption
Suppository
41
Medication affect lasts shorter or
longer in regards to the patient's
weight. Due to their body fat
percentage and what they may have
eaten
Weight
42
Medication effects and dosages may
differ from different age groups such
as Infants, Adults, and Geriatrics
Develop mental factors
43
Various medications may have
different effects on the patient due to
their anatomy and physiology. Various
differences include body structure,
hormone concentration, as well as size
and weight. All of these are significant
factors that may prolong medication
affects and/or cause adverse/side
effects
Gender
44
can play a big
role in how a medication may affect a
patient. If the patient is know to have
unpredictable psychotic episodes,
there might be a chance that the
medication they are being given, may
enhance said psychotic episodes,
instead of nullifying them
Psychological factor
45
reated to treat
various illnesses and conditions. For
example, Broad spectrum antibiotics
are meant to treat all sorts of bacteria.
But Narrow spectrum antibiotics are
meant to target a select species of
bacterium. Or how Anti-histamines are
meant to lower the effects of
inflammation
Illness/Disease
46
Factors like temperature, humidity,
and light can affect medication
stability and effectiveness. Exposure
to unsuitable conditions may alter a
drug’s chemical structure, reducing
its potency or causing adverse
effects. Proper storage ensures
medications work as intended
Environment
47
important
since medication can vary in duration.
For example Ibuprofen, a common
drug used to treat pain and
inflammation has a duration of around
6-8 hours. It is important to keep track
of Medication administration times in
order to make sure the patient gets
their medication on time
Time of administration
48
big factor in determining the
effect and even longevity of certain
medication. For example, a patient
who has eaten a small meal may have
the risk of certain side effects from
medication. Various medications have
been shown to cause kidney and liver
damage if they are not taken with a
proper meal
Diet
49
therapeutic effect
helps restore normal body function or
improve health after illness, injury, or
deficiency. An example is iron
supplementation for iron-deficiency
anemia, which replenishes iron
reserves, boosts red blood cell
production, and improves oxygen flow,
energy levels, and overall health
Restorative
50
medications directly treat and
eliminate the cause of a disease, fully
restoring a patient’s health. Curative
drugs target the illness itself. Antibiotics,
like azithromycin or amoxicillin, are
examples, as they kill bacteria causing
infections like bacterial pneumonia,
helping the lungs return to normal
function
Curative
51
care focuses on
relieving symptoms, pain, and
discomfort without curing the
illness. Opioid analgesics, like
morphine, are commonly used
to ease severe pain in advanced
cancer patients
Palliative care
52
help the body
heal and prevent complications
rather than directly treating illnesses.
They manage symptoms, preserve
organs, and aid recovery. An example
is antipyretics like paracetamol,
which reduce fever in illnesses like
dengue and flu, preventing issues like
seizures and dehydration
Supportive medication
53
Example of theuraputic actions of deigs
Restorative - iron
Curative medication- amoxicillin
Palliative - morphine
Supportive - paracetamol Q
54
replaces
deficient chemicals in the body to
restore normal function and improve
quality of life. A key example is insulin
therapy for Type 1 diabetes, which
helps regulate blood sugar and
prevent complications like kidney
failure, nerve damage, and heart
disease
Substitutive
55
target and
eliminate pathogens or cancer cells,
addressing the root cause of diseases.
They are used to treat infections and
cancer. A common example is
antibiotics like Penicillin, which
destroy bacterial cell walls to stop
infections
Chemotherapeutic
56
Example of substitutive and chemotherapeutic
Insulin
Penicillin
57
Route of drug administration
Sublingual
Buccal
Subcutaneous
Intramuscular
Intravenous
Topical
58
injected into the
hypodermis for slow and
steady absorption
Subcutaneous
59
placed
between the gums and cheek, where
they dissolve and enter the
bloodstream. This method provides
fast-acting effects, useful for pain
relief
Buccal
60
are
injected into muscles, which have a
rich blood supply, allowing for
moderately fast absorption.
Common examples include
vaccines
Intramuscular
61
delivers
medication under the tongue,
allowing quick absorption into the
bloodstream through capillaries. It is
useful for conditions requiring fast
action
Sublingual
62
medications are
delivered directly into the
bloodstream for immediate effect.
This method requires a catheter,
syringe, and microlance needle for
administration
Intravenous
63
applied to
the skin for localized
transdermal absorption in the
treated area
Topical
64
painkillers,
relieve pain by reducing
inflammation or blocking pain
signals, improving comfort and
quality of life
Analgesic
65
induces loss of
sensation or sleep before
surgery and can be
administered via inhalation,
injection, topical, or rectal
routes
Anasthetic
66
counteract
histamine to reduce inflammation,
treating conditions like insect bites,
nasal congestion, and asthma.
Allergy medication is the most
common form
Antihistamine
67
medications treat or
prevent infections by killing
pathogens. They include
antibiotics, antifungals, antivirals,
and antiparasitics
Anti-infective
68
affect the
heart and blood vessels by
regulating blood pressure and heart
rate. A common example is ACE
inhibitors
Cardivascular drugs
69
elp detect
illnesses and conditions. Common
examples include flu tests, COVID
tests, and ELISA tests, which identify
antibodies, antigens, proteins, and
hormones in bodily fluids
Diagnostic drugs
70
natural
medications derived from plants
or beneficial bacteria, including
probiotics, biotherapeutic
agents, and vitamin
supplements
Biologicals
71
drugs target all cells to
stop cancer growth but also
weaken the immune system,
increasing risks drugs target all cells to
stop cancer growth but also
weaken the immune system,
increasing risks
Antineoplastic/ immunosuppressant
72
PO
IM
SC
IV
hs
ac
Pc
Q
Per oral
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Art bedtime
Before meal
After meal
Every
73
q.d
b.i.d.
t.i.d.
Q.i.d.
Q.o.d.
c
H
Rx
Gtt
Every day
Twice a day
Three times a day
4 times a day
With
House
Prescription
Drops
74
10 rights of drug administration
Right patient
Right dosage
Right medication
Right time
Right route
Right education
Right to refuse
Right assessment
Right evaluation
Right documentation
75
Onetime order utilized in
urgent instances.
Stat order
76
Use for medication to be
given once at a specific
time/ procedure
SINGLE DOSE/ ONE-TIME ORDER
77
These are standardized
treatment plans that
nurses follow for patients
in specific situations.
STANDING ORDER
78
As needed” it is a
medication only used
when the patient needs it
based on their symptoms
PRN “ PRO RE NATA”
79
Patient’s Full name & Identifiers
Date & Time
Medication Name
Strength & Dosage
Route of Administration
Frequency & Duration
Prescribing Physician’s Name &
Signature
Drug order
80
Descriptive information about the
client: name, address, and
sometimes age
Date
The Rx symbol, meaning "take thou"
Medication name, dosage, and
strength
Route of administration
Dispensing instructions for the
pharmacist
Directions for administration to be
given to the client
Refill and special labeling
Prescriber's signatur
Prescription
81
refers to the concentration of the medication,
such as 500 mg
specific amount
prescribed for the patient
Strength
Dosage
82
how often a medication is taken,
such as “every 8 hours”
.
total length of
time the medication is prescribed, like “7 days”
.
Frequency
Duration
83
3 Main systems of drug measurements
1.
Metric System
2.
Apothecary System
3.
Household System
84
Used for determining medication amount from available
concentration.
allows to work with various units of measurement
Desire over have
85
calculate pediatric medication dosage based on patient
age and the known recommended adult dose.
For children aged 2-12 years
can be applied quickly in situations where the current
weight of the patient is unknow
Young’s Rule
86
helps determine safe dosages for infants and children by
relating their age in months to an adult dose
for children under 2 years old and below age
Friend’s Rule
87
to calculate pediatric medication dosage based on the
known weight of a patient
more precise
For children of varying weights, based on weight relative
to 150 lbs (average adult weight)
Clark’s Rule
88
enacted to promote the use of generic medicines
in the Philippines, ensuring that affordable and effective drugs are accessible to
all Filipinos. It mandates that all prescriptions must include the generic name of
the drug, and pharmacists are required to inform patients about available generic
alternatives. The law also regulates drug labeling and advertising to emphasize
the importance of generic
Genetic law of 1988
Way signed in to law on sept 13; 1988
89
90
MAR stands for
Medical administration record
91
vital tool in
healthcare settings, ensuring
accurate documentation and
administration of medications.
It helps healthcare providers
track medication orders,
dosages, and administration
times
MAR
92
Materials to be used during return demonstration
Medicine glasses
Tray
Medicine tickets
Towel drape
93
Development of medicine
Natural
Synthetic
94
initially a synthetic sleeping pill—
was later discovered to cause severe congenital
malformations.
Thalidomide
95
Scientists begin by identifying a
biological target, often a protein or gene
associated with a disease. Understanding
the target's role in disease progression is
crucial for developing effective
treatments.
Target identification
96
This stage involves screening thousands
of compounds to find ‘hits’ that interact
with the target. Techniques like high
throughput screening (HTS) help identify
potential drug candidates quickl
Hit identification
97
Promising hits, known as ‘leads,
’ are
optimised for better efficacy, selectivity,
and safety. Chemists modify the
chemical structure of leads to enhance
their therapeutic potential while
minimising side effects
Leadoptimisation
98
Before human trials, drugs undergo
rigorous testing in cell cultures and
animal models to assess their safety,
toxicity, pharmacokinetics (how the drug
is absorbed, distributed, metabolised,
and excreted), and pharmacodynamics
(the drug's effects on the body)
Pre clinical testing
99
Involves large-scale
testing to confirm
efficacy, monitor side
effects, compare the
drug to commonly used
treatments, and collect
information for safe
usage
Phase 3
100
Tests the drug's safety,
dosage range, and side
effects in a small group
of healthy volunteers.
Phase 1
101
Focuses on the drug's
efficacy and further
evaluates its safety in a
larger group of patients
with the targeted
disease.
Phase 2
102
Safety Review, Monitoring and
Regulation
Safet, efficacy, do’s age
103
Safety Review, Monitoring and
Regulation
Post- market surveillance
104
the study of an organism's entire genetic
makeup, including DNA sequences and gene
interactions.
Genomics
105
Challenges in Drug Development
High cost and time
High failure rate
Adverse reaction and side effects
106
measurable indicators of a
biological condition.
Biomarkers
107
corrects genetic mutations by
replacing faulty genes with functional ones.
This leads to the replication of healthy cells
with the updated genetic code.
CRISPR-Cas9
108
The Human Genome Project (HGP) launched in the early
1990
109
