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Dentistry Module 6 > Oral Surgery > Flashcards

Oral Surgery Flashcards

1
Q

Give 7 indications for surgical tooth removal.

A
  1. Gross caries (inability to use forceps or elevator)
  2. Complex root morphology
  3. Retained roots below alveolar bone
  4. Impacted teeth
  5. Displaced teeth
  6. Ectopic teeth
  7. Pathology (e.g. cyst)
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2
Q

Define, prevention of complete eruption into a normal functional position due to lack of space or development in an abnormal position.

A

Impaction

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3
Q

Define, malpositioning of a tooth due to congenital factors, such as a cleft palate.

A

Ectopic tooth

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4
Q

Define malpositioning for a tooth due to presence of pathology, such as a cyst.

A

Displaced tooth

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5
Q

Describe a tooth that is “completely unerupted”.

A

Entirely covered by soft tissue and also partially/totally covered in alveolar bone.

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6
Q

Describe a tooth that is “ankylosed”.

A

Fused with alveolar bone

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7
Q

At what age do mandibular 3rd molars tend to emerge in the oral cavity?

A

18-24 years old

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8
Q

In what ratio of adults, do mandibular third molars fail to develop?

A

1:4

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9
Q

What % of mandibular molars tend to be impacted?

A

72%

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10
Q

What guidelines should be referred to regarding removal of third molars?

A

NICE 2000

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11
Q

What % of mandibular third molars are removed as a result of pericoronitis?

A

8-59%

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12
Q

What is the most common indication for removal of mandibular third molars?

A

Pericoronitis

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13
Q

Define, inflammation of the tissues around the crown of any partially erupted/impacted tooth.

A

Pericoronitis

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14
Q

Is one isolated incidence of pericoronitis an indication extract a third molar?

A

No, one incidence is not a reason to extract as pain is going to happen while tooth erupts. It is when there are 2 or more recurring episodes.

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15
Q

What are the common features of pericoronitis? (Name 7)

A
  1. Trismus
  2. Pain
  3. Pus under operculum
  4. Dysphagia
  5. Malaise
  6. Bad taste (halitosis)
  7. Cheek biting and cuspal indentations on the operculum
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16
Q

If patient is systemically well, what is the treatment for pericoronitis?

A
  1. Local measures, including:
    - Irrigation with warm saline
    - OH measures
  2. Removal of trauma e.g. extraction upper 8 or grind down cusps
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17
Q

If a patient is systemically unwell/immunocompromised, what is the treatment for pericoronitis should be considered, but is not a first line option?

A

Antibiotics

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18
Q

What type of bacteria cause pericoronitis?

A

Predominantly anaerobic (e.g. strep, Actinomyces etc.)

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19
Q

What two bacteria have been related to the increased incidence of second and third molar periodontal pockets deepening >4-5mm over two years?

A
  1. Prevotella intermedia
  2. Campylobacter rectus
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20
Q

When is it appropriate to prescribe antibiotics to treat pericoronitis?

A

If there is evidence of systemic spread of infection OR surgical removal of the cause or drainage of the infection under LA is impossible

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21
Q

Why is it that patients might complain of sensitivity on their 2nd molar after removal of their third?

A

Due to gum recession (usually distally), tooth becomes exposed and more sensitive

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22
Q

What radiographic assessment is best for visualising 3rd molars?

A

OPG (DPT)

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23
Q

Why are winters lines used in radiographic assessment?

A

A way of assessing how much bone is likely to be removed in the process of surgery

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24
Q

What are the different classifications of angulation of 3rd molars to adjacent teeth?

A
  1. Vertical
  2. Mesioangular
  3. Distoangular
  4. Horizontal
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25
Q

What are 6 radiographic indications of 3rd molar proximity to the IDC canal?

A
  1. Narrowing and darkening of canal as nerve crosses root
  2. Loss of lamina dura of IDC
  3. Deflection or deviation of IDC
  4. Dilaceration or deflection of roots as they approach IDC
  5. Change in colour of roots when crossed by the nerve so that the area appears darker
  6. Juxta-apical area
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26
Q

What is the most common type of angle of impaction of 3rd molars? (Give % of cases)

A

Mesialangular impaction (40%)

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27
Q

What is the main consequnece of mesioangular impaction of 3rd molar?

A

Patient unable to clean between contact points of 3rd and 2nd molar so this becomes a plaque troop and caries can develop on surfaces of both teeth.

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28
Q

What is a juxta-apical area on a DPT?

A

A well circumscribed radiolucent area lateral to the root rather than at the apex

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29
Q

What are the highest risk radiographic signs of a close relationship of 3rd molar to IDC?

A

Darkening of roots and juxta-apex

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30
Q

What is the benefit of taking a CBCT image of high risk relationships between the 3rd molar and IDC?

A

The CBCT will show you exactly where the nerve canal lies in relation to roots as its a 3D image

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31
Q

For the lower lip, what is the short and long term chance of post operative alteration in sensation from extraction of a 3rd molar?

A

Short term - 5%
Long term- <1%

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32
Q

For the tongue, what is the short and long term chance of post operative alteration in sensation from extraction of a 3rd molar?

A

Short - 10%
Long - <1%

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33
Q

What is an alternative surgery that can be used if there is high risk of impact to IDN?

A

Coronectomy

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34
Q

What is a coronectomy?

A

Where you remove the crown and leave the roots in place

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35
Q

If the roots are mobile at the time of coronectomy, what should be done?

A

Removal of the roots as they will now be non-vital and could become infected

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36
Q

What is the post-operative 1. risk of infection and 2. Risk of migration, of roots after coronectomy?

A

2.9% - risk of infection
14-81% - migration

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37
Q

What pre-operative warnings should you give to patients to mandibular third molar surgery?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Swelling
  3. Bruising
  4. Possible hypoaesthesia of lip/tongue
  5. Trismus
  6. Diet advice
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38
Q

What does hypoaesthesia mean?

A

Condition where sensation is reduced

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39
Q

What are the long-term probelms that you should warn a patient of if they chose to decline treatment of mandibular 3rd molar?

A
  1. Development of further perio probelms
  2. Caries on 2nd molar and 3rd molar
  3. Cysts
  4. External root resorption
  5. Recurrent pericoronitis
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40
Q

What is the most common application point of an elevator for most teeth?

A

Mesiobuccaly

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41
Q

What flap design is used for surgical extractions of 3rd Molars?

A

Triangular flap

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42
Q

What is the difference between a triangular flap and an envelope flap?

A

There us no mesial relieving incision for an envelope flap

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43
Q

Describe the triangular flap in terms of incisions that need to be made.

A
  1. Distal relieving incision (at ascending ramus)
  2. Peri-coronal incision (cuts through alveolar crest fibres and papilla between 3M and 2M)
  3. Mesial relieving incision (down from 2M to depth of sulcus)
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44
Q

What rpm should the bur to cut/remove bone be running at?

A

20,000-40,000rpm

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45
Q

Why is it important to use saline during bone removal?

A

So that bone doesn’t not overheat under use of bur

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46
Q

Why is bone removed in a surgical extraction?

A
  1. To relieve impaction
  2. To create a point of application for elevator or forceps
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47
Q

If a 3rd molar is horizontally impacted, what must be done as part of surgical extraction?

A

Crown and root sectioning

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48
Q

What is a major intrinsic obstacle for extraction of a 3rd molar?

A

Root form, dictates path of withdrawal.

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49
Q

What is the most important suture placed when suturing a flap and why?

A

The suture placed from the buccal tissues to the lingual tissues immediately distal to the 2nd molar tooth, so to encourage good periodontal health.

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50
Q

What material is used for suturing flaps?

A

3/0 Vicryl rapide

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51
Q

What post-operative regime should a patient follow after 3rd molar surgery?

A
  1. Analgesics
  2. Hot salt mouthwash
  3. Soft diet
  4. Topical ice packs within first 6 hours of treatment
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52
Q

Why does post-operative bleeding tend to occur more in older patients?

A

This is because the tissues lose their elasticity so you get bleeding into soft tissues spaces.

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53
Q

What are the 5 major complications to 3rd molar surgery that could arise?

A
  1. Haemorrhage
  2. Loose teeth or damage to adjacent teeth/restorations
  3. Fractured mandible (very rare)
  4. Dry socket or infection with purulent discharge
  5. Sensory deficit of tongue or nerves
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54
Q

If maxillary third molars are erupted, how should they be extracted?

A

Either elevation or forceps extraction

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55
Q

If maxillary third molars are unerupted, how should they be extracted?

A

By surgical extraction. Raise a buccal flap, remove thin bone with couplins and elevate.

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56
Q

Why should you avoid excess upwards forces when elevating a maxillary 3rd molar?

A

Due to possible displacement of tooth into antrum

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57
Q

What is the second most commonly impacted tooth, after 3rd molars?

A

Maxillary canines

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58
Q

What is the prevalence of impacted maxillary canines?

A

1.7%

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59
Q

Are ectopic maxillary canines more likely to be found palatally or buccaly?

A

Palatally

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60
Q

At what age are maxillary canines normally palpable in the labial sulcus?

A

10-11 years old

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61
Q

What is thought to act as a guidance plane in the path of eruption for a maxillary canine?

A

The distal aspect of the lateral incisor

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62
Q

Clinically, how would you identify impacted maxillary canines? give 5 signs.

A
  1. Canines can be palpated in the sulcus or palate age 12/13+ (late)
  2. Evidence of rotation/tilting of adjacent teeth
  3. Mobility/sensibility of adjacent teeth
  4. More than 6 months since contralateral tooth has erupted
  5. Presence of deciduous canine after expected age of exfoliation
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63
Q

Radiographically, how would you investigate impacted canines?

A

Parallax films:
1. Periapical x2
2. Occlusal
3. DPT

CBCT (In select cases)

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64
Q

What are the two treatment options for dilacerated, impacted teeth?

A
  1. Do nothing and monitor
  2. Surgical extraction
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65
Q

Can unerupted, dilacerated teeth be orthodontically aligned?

A

No

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66
Q

What can be sequelae of canine impaction, where a conservative treatment option is chosen?

A
  1. Resorption of incisor roots
  2. Cystic change
  3. Infection of cyst close to surface mucosa may lead to sinus tract formation
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67
Q

What are the 5 treatment options for impacted canines?

A
  1. Conservative
  2. Interceptive
  3. Exposure
  4. Surgical removal
  5. Auto-transplantation
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68
Q

What treatment option would be most appropriate in the case of impacted maxillary canines where…

  • patient is unwilling to have orthodontic treatment
  • patient is happy with appearance and has healthy adjacent teeth.
  • radiographs show absence of pathology or resorption
A

Conservative treatment where the tooth is monitored over time

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69
Q

What treatment option would be most appropriate in the case of impacted maxillary canines where…

  • patient is young (10-13 years old)
  • minimal crowding of teeth and space can be maintained
A

Interceptive treatment, where the deciduous tooth is extracted in the hope that the permanent impacted tooth will have space to erupt.

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70
Q

What treatment option would be most appropriate in the case of impacted maxillary canines where…

  • well motivated patient who is willing to have orthodontic treatment
  • pt with good oral hygiene
  • impacted canine is not grossly displaced
A

Exposure and alignment of impacted tooth

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71
Q

Describe the “open technique” for exposure and alignment of an impacted tooth. what is the disadvantage of this technique?

A

Apically repositioned flap or palatal window, where tissue overlying tooth is removed and the gingiva is sutured at a higher position than originally placed to encourage eruption.

Disadvantage = aesthetics can be poor, risk of exposure of canine roots upon erupting

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72
Q

Describe the “closed technique” for exposure and alignment of an impacted tooth. what is the advantage of this technique?

A

Where an orthodontic bracket and gold chain is attached to impacted tooth to allow orthodontic traction.

Advantage = mimics physiological eruption of canine, which means the impacted canine will erupt through attached gingiva and therefore give a good gingival contour.

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73
Q

What treatment option would be most appropriate in the case of impacted maxillary canines where…

  • patient is non-compliant
  • patient finds appearance satisfactory with C
  • advanced resorption of incisors
  • malpositioned canine with difficult root morphology
A

Surgical removal of canine (and any other teeth with extensive root resorption)

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74
Q

What is the technique for surgical removal of an impacted maxillary canine?

A
  1. Usually palatal envelope flap made (can be buccal)
  2. Removal of overlying bone to maximum convexity of tooth (sectioning may be required if root morphology complex)
  3. Elevation of maxillary canine
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75
Q

If surgically removing bilateral maxillary canines, what is required during the procedure in order to cut the flap, that can only be justified for this specific procedure?

A

Severing contents of the incisive foramen (neurovascular bundle)

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76
Q

When using surgical instruments, what should always be used in conjunction? And why?

A

Saline irrigation, to prevent bone from overheating.

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77
Q

What is the failure rate of an auto-transplanted tooth?

A

Failure rate of 30% (high)

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78
Q

On plain film, what are the three most significant radiographic signs of a close relationship between the 3rd molar and the inferior dental canal?

A
  1. Diversion of IAN canal
  2. Darkening of the root
  3. Interruption of the cortical white line
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79
Q

What management method of M3Ms is effective in minimising inferior alveolar nerve injury upon this tooth’s removal?

A

Coronectomy

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80
Q

What bacteria species have been related to the increased incidence of second and third molar periodontal pockets deepening (>4-5mm) over two years?

A

Prevotella intermedia and campylobacter rectus

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81
Q

Define, exaggerated sensation to touch, or cold or warm stimuli.

A

Hyperaesthesia

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82
Q

What is the most common complication after third molar surgery?

A

Dry socket (alveolar osteitis)

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83
Q

When might prophylactic removal of teeth (including M3Ms) be indicated for medical procedures? Give two examples.

A

Prior to organ transplantation or chemotherapy

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84
Q

What is the optimal post-operative pain management for dental extractions in adults?

A

Ibuprofen (400mg) + paracetemol (1000mg)

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85
Q

What are the two main risk factors for displacement of molar roots into the maxillary antrum?

A
  1. Age over 40 years
  2. Lone standing molars with ridge resorption and protrusion of molar roots into the antrum.
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86
Q

What is the key criteria for coronectomy?

A
  1. High risk of IAN injury
  2. Vital M3M
  3. Healthy non-immunocompromised patient
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87
Q

What are the potential complications of coronectomy?

A
  1. Mobilisation of roots intra operatively
  2. Early recurrent dry socket and need for removal of roots following coronectomy
  3. Late eruption and possible infection of retained roots
  4. Injury to the lingual nerve and IAN
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88
Q

What is the main risk from ectopically placed canines?

A

Root resorption of adjacent teeth

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89
Q

When should a dental practitioner suspect that a canine is ectopic?

A

If it is not palpable in the buccal sulcus by the age of 10-11 years old

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90
Q

What is meant by parallax?

A

The apparent displacement of an object because of different positions of an observer

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91
Q

What age of patient should you start to annually attempt to palpate the canine region?

A

8 years old

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92
Q

What tooth is the 3rd most commonly impacted tooth in the mouth?

A

Maxillary incisors

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93
Q

What signs of delayed eruption would indicate investigation of maxillary incisors?

A
  1. If contralateral teeth erupted 6/12 months previously or in the case when both upper centrals missing one year after eruption of lower incisors
  2. Deviation from normal sequence of eruption, i.e. laterals erupt before centrals
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94
Q

What is the most common hereditary cause of impacted maxillary incisors?

A

Presence of supernumerary tooth

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95
Q

List the hereditary causes of an impacted maxillary incisor? (7)

A
  1. Supernumeraries
  2. Cleft lip/palate
  3. Cleidocranial dysostosis
  4. Odontomes
  5. Abnormal tooth/tissue ratio
  6. Gingival fibromatosis
  7. Generalised retarded eruption
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96
Q

List the environmental causes of an impacted maxillary incisor? (6)

A
  1. Trauma or root dilaceration
  2. Early loss or extraction of deciduous tooth
  3. Retained deciduous tooth
  4. Cyst formation
  5. Endocrine abnormalities
  6. Bone disease
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97
Q

What management options are most commonly carried out for impacted maxillary incisors?

A

Exposure or Interceptive treatment

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98
Q

What is the 4th most likely impacted tooth in the mouth?

A

Mandibular premolars

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99
Q

What is the main cause of impacted mandibular premolars?

A

Crowding

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100
Q

What sort of flap is cut for surgical extraction of mandibular premolars?

A

2 sided flap (coronal and mesial relieving incisions)

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101
Q

What condition is hyperdontia associated with?

A

Cleidocranial dysostosis

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102
Q

What are the two types of Odontomes?

A

Complex or compound

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103
Q

How are complex Odontomes formed?

A

By invaginations of tooth germ or a genetic malformation called a hamartoma

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104
Q

What % of all odontogenic tumours do complex Odontomes account for?

A

22%

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105
Q

What causes compound Odontomes to form?

A

Exuberant proliferation of dental lamina

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106
Q

What Odontomes are most commonly found…
1. Anteriorly
2. Posteriorly

A
  1. Compound
  2. Complex
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107
Q

Define “dilaceration”

A

An acute deviation of the long axis of the tooth, located to the crown or root

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108
Q

In a younger patient (<9 years old) with an impacted immature permanent maxillary incisor, what is the best initial management?

A

Allow up to 9-12 months for the spontaneous eruption of the incisor after the removal of an obstruction (e.g. decidious tooth)

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109
Q

In an older individual (>9 years old) with an impacted immature permanent maxillary incisor, what is the best initial management?

A

Consider surgical exposure with bonding of orthodontic bracket attachement at the time of removal of any obstruction.

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110
Q

What is another name for maxillary sinus?

A

Sinus of highmore

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111
Q

What are the 4 bilateral paranasal sinuses?

A
  1. Frontal
  2. Ethmoid
  3. Sphenoid
  4. Maxillary
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112
Q

What structure do sinuses drain through?

A

An osteum

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113
Q

Where does the maxillary sinus drain into?

A

The middle meatus

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114
Q

What is pansinusitis?

A

A condition where all paranasal sinuses are inflamed

115
Q

What is the best radiograph to take to view the maxillary sinuses?

A

Occipitomental (waters’ view)

116
Q

Name 4 types of common pathology found in maxillary sinuses?

A
  1. Infective sinusitis
  2. Non-infective sinusitis (e.g. allergic)
  3. Fractures
  4. Tumours/cysts
117
Q

What is a key feature of sinusitis that a patient might tell you about which could help lead you to a diagnosis of sinusitis?

A

Pain is worse on bending down

118
Q

Why is pain of sinusitis worse when bending down?

A

Because the sinuses are full of muco-perulent material and this moves with gravity. So when a patient bends over it moves forward and sits on the anterior superior alveolar nerve which runs down the anterior wall of the sinus, this puts pressure on the nerve which makes the pain worse.

119
Q

What are the key clinical signs of acute infective sinusitis?

A
  1. Pain, tenderness across sinuses
  2. Posterior teeth TTP
  3. Post-nasal drip
  4. Mucopurulent discharge
120
Q

What size is the osteum of the maxillary sinuses?

A

2.4mm

121
Q

What are the two causes of sinusitis?

A
  1. Mechanical obstruction of the osteum
  2. Impaired mucous clearance
122
Q

What are the three complications of sinusitis?

A
  1. Brain abscesses
  2. Orbital cellulitis
  3. Cavernous sinus thrombosis
123
Q

What are the symptoms of OAC?

A

1.Passage of fluid down nose
2. Passage of air into mouth
3. Alteration of voice
4. Unilateral epistaxis (bleeding) or nasal obstruction

124
Q

If an OAC is left untreated, what will it develop into?

A

Oral-antral fistula

125
Q

What is the ideal treatment for OAC?

A

To close immediately with a buccal advancement flap

126
Q

What are two treatment options if OAC occurs, that aren’t a buccal advancement flap?

A
  1. Plate or modified denture
  2. Antibiotics, epinephrine drops, mucolytic inhalations
127
Q

Why do we need to be more cautious about extracting elderly patients teeth? (give 3 reasons)

A
  1. Because their teeth become far more brittle and predisposed to fracture (usually heavily restored).
  2. They are also more liable to a fractured tuberosity or alveolus as tissue loses elasticity with age.
  3. Polypharmacy can impact ability to carry out XLA.
128
Q

How can ethnic background affect difficulty of extraction?

A

Asian and African Caribbean individuals can have much denser bone which can increase difficulty of extraction.

129
Q

Why should we be wary of lone standing molars when considering extraction?

A

Because lone standing molars tend to have a thickened alveolar bone and PDL around the tooth due to carrying most of the occlusal forces.
This not only makes it difficult to extract but predisposes it to alveolar fracture, tuberosity’s fracture and OAC.

130
Q

How can crowding of teeth make extraction difficult?

A

Crowding can prevent access for the beaks of the forceps

131
Q

Why is access to maxillary third molars for XLA with regular molar forceps difficult? (give 2 reasons)

A
  1. Maxillary third molars have a tendency to be buccaly inclined
  2. Mouth opening brings the coronoid process into the space lateral to the maxillary third molar
132
Q

What type of forcep is used to extract maxillary third molars?

A

Bayonet forcep

133
Q

What is pneumatisation of the maxillary antrum?

A

Where the antrum enlarges, it can result in a union between the sinus floor and the crest of remaining bone in the most extreme of cases.

134
Q

How do abrasion cavities on teeth make extractions more difficult?

A

They predispose the crown to fracture, which means the extraction has more likelihood of becoming surgical if roots are left subgingivally.

135
Q

Why do endodontically treated teeth cause difficulty for extraction?

A

They are brittle and more likely to fracture than untreated teeth

136
Q

Why might deciduous teeth become submerged?

A

Often when there is no permanent successor

137
Q

What are 8 radiographic features that would make XLA difficult?

A
  1. Bulbous roots
  2. Dilacerated/divergent/convergent roots
  3. Fused roots
  4. Multi-rooted teeth
  5. Hypercementosis
  6. Ankylosis
  7. Lone-standing molars
  8. Deeply impacted 2rd molars
138
Q

If a root is bulbous on a tooth, what type of XLA should required?

A

Surgical XLA

139
Q

Why are deciduous teeth likely to have divergent roots?

A

Because the permanent successor sits between the roots of the deciduous tooth.

140
Q

When multi-rooted teeth have more than one path of withdrawal due to different curvatures of roots, what type of XLA is required?

A

Surgical XLA

141
Q

Name 6 types of osteolytic lesions.

A
  1. Cysts
  2. Odontogenic tumours
  3. Primary cancers
  4. Metastatic cancers
  5. Metabolic bone disorders
  6. Fibro-osseous lesions
142
Q

From looking at radiographs, to plan surgical XLA, what 7 things should be identified and considered prior to starting surgery?

A
  1. Path of least resistance
  2. Extrinsic obstacles
  3. Intrinsic obstacles
  4. Bone removal
  5. Sectioning
  6. Point of application
  7. Flap design
143
Q

Why should you never use a high speed instrument to section roots?

A

It will cause surgical emphysema and introduce air into the tissue which can lead to cellulitis.

144
Q

Where can you refer difficult extractions to?

A
  1. Oral surgery department
  2. Maxillofacial department
  3. Oral surgery specialist
145
Q

What measure can be implicated to prevent TMJ dislocation and gain access during a surgical extraction procedure?

A

Use of McKesson’s Mouth prop (orange prop) which sits on the contra-lateral side from where you are working allowing the patient to stabilise their mandible.

146
Q

How do you reposition a dislocated TMJ?

A
  1. Place thumbs on bilateral external oblique ridges intra-orally
  2. Curl fingers under inferior border of mandible extra-orally
  3. Exert a downward pressure on the mandible and push TMJ over the articular eminence.
147
Q

What are the two main special complications that can arise during oral surgery?

A
  1. Bleeding
  2. Sepsis
148
Q

Name 5 post-operative complications associated with bone.

A
  1. Alveolar osteitis (dry socket)
  2. Sequestrum
  3. Exposed bone
  4. MRONJ
  5. ORN (osteoradionecrosis)
149
Q

What is the pathogenesis of dry socket? Give 2 ways it can arise.

A
  1. Through complete absence of a blood clot or initial clot formed and is then lost.
  2. Inflamed alveolar bone so release of tissue activators (plasminogen converted to plasmin)
150
Q

What are the main risk factors for dry socket? (Name 5)

A
  1. Women
  2. Smoking
  3. Trauma
  4. Medications ( oral contraceptives, antidepressants and antipsychotics)
  5. Anatomy
151
Q

What is the clinical symptomatic presentation of dry socket?

A
  1. Worsening pain 2-3 days after extraction
  2. Refractory to analgesia
  3. Dull aching throb
  4. Bad taste
  5. Halitosis
  6. Discharge
152
Q

How do you manage a dry socket?

A
  1. LA ideally
  2. Exploration of socket
  3. Remove debris with saline irrigation
  4. Place sedative dressing (alvogel)
153
Q

What are the clinical signs of sequestrum?

A
  1. Small fragments lost from extraction site
  2. Patient may complain of something “spikey” on their alveolus at the extraction site.
154
Q

How would you manage sequestrum?

A
  1. If small and very mobile, often topical anaesthetic and alleviate with set of college tweezers
  2. If large, more exploration of socket will be needed.
155
Q

Why might bone become exposed as a post-operative complication?

A

Commonly from severe soft tissue trauma, which can sometimes be unavoidable.

156
Q

Give 4 examples of bisphosphonates.

A
  1. Alendronate
  2. Ibandronate
  3. Zolendronate
  4. Pamidronate
157
Q

Other than Bisphosphonates, what classes of drugs can cause MRONJ?

A

RANKL inhibitors (denosumab) and anti-angiogenesis (Bevaxizumab)

158
Q

What patients might experience ORN?

A

Irradiated patient who have undergone head and neck cancer therapy.

159
Q

What is ORN?

A

It is a state of injured bone tissue following radiation, with inadequate healing or remodelling response of at least three to six months.

160
Q

Is ORN more common in the mandible or maxilla?

A

Mandible

161
Q

What are the clinical signs of ORN?

A
  1. Non-healing bone
  2. Severe pain
  3. Recurrent infections
  4. Halitosis
  5. Oro-facial fistula
  6. Suppuration
  7. Pathological fracture
162
Q

What is the management of ORN?

A

Resection of necrotic bone and replace it with bone graft.

163
Q

What is normal mouth opening usually in mm?

A

30-40mm

164
Q

If a patient has mild trismus what will their mouth opening be?

A

20-30mm

165
Q

If a patient has moderate trismus what will their mouth opening be?

A

10-20mm

166
Q

If a patient has severe trismus what will their mouth opening be?

A

<10mm

167
Q

What are causes of trismus?

A
  1. Pain
  2. Muscular
  3. Haematoma
  4. Infection
  5. Chronic limitation
  6. Trauma
  7. Neoplasia
  8. Osteoarthritis
  9. Soft tissue fibrosis
168
Q

Timing of bleeding can indicate the deficit. If bleeding persists from the time of injury or trauma, what is likely the reason (on a cellular level)?

A

Platelet related as bleeding is immediate, with time a platelet plug would form and bleeding should cease.

169
Q

Timing of bleeding can indicate the deficit. If bleeding stops early and haemostasis is achieved, but the subsequent bleeding occurs hours later, what is likely the reason (on a cellular level)?

A

This could indicate clotting mechanism or coagulation factor issues

170
Q

Name 4 hereditary bleeding conditions.

A
  1. Haemophilia VII & IX
  2. Factor XIII
  3. Von willebrands disease
  4. Ehlers danlos syndrome
171
Q

Define Ehlers danlos syndrome.

A

A connective tissue disorder characterised by mutations in type 5 collagen which affects the integrity of blood vessels. These patients are more likely to bleed.

172
Q

Give 4 acquired reasons for increased risk of bleeding.

A
  1. Medications
  2. Liver disease
  3. Alcoholism
  4. Haematological malignancy (lymphoma or leukaemia)
173
Q

Name 7 conditions which would instigate further investigation into risk of bleeding during to the patient most likely taking Antiplatelets or anticoagulants?

A
  1. Deep vein thrombosis
  2. Pulmonary embolism
  3. Atrial fibrillation
  4. MI
  5. IHD
  6. Ischaemic stroke
  7. TIA
174
Q

What is the use of heparin?

A

It is used to prevent or treat certain blood vessel, heart or lung conditions. It is also used to prevent blood clotting during surgery, dialysis and blood transfusions.

175
Q

What can long-term use of heparin result in?

A

Platelet disorders

176
Q

Define “primary bleeding”

A

Intra-operative soft/hard tissue bleeds which can be prolonged.

177
Q

Define “reactionary bleeding”

A

Bleeding that occurs 2-3 hours post-op, usually once LA wear off.

178
Q

Define “secondary bleeding”

A

Bleeding that occurs up to 14 days after operation, most likely due to infection.

179
Q

Describe “normal” bleeding.

A

Lasts for 2-5 minutes
Ceases on firm pressure

180
Q

Describe “abnormal” bleeding

A

Increased volume of blood for an extended duration of
Blood doesn’t seem to stop upon applying direct pressure

181
Q

What are 6 ways to stop bleeding?

A
  1. Pressure
  2. Suture
  3. Bone wax
  4. Electrocautery
  5. Silver nitrate
  6. Haemostatic agents
182
Q

How does bone wax stop bleeding?

A

You push a blob of wax into the site and this acts as a mechanical barrier to seal the wound.

183
Q

When should you refer if someone is bleeding?

A
  1. If there is ongoing severe haemorrhage
  2. If you’ve reached the extent of your capabilities
  3. If blood pressure has decreased (100/60)
  4. If heart rate increases (>100bpm)
  5. If there is fluid loss
184
Q

What indicates fluid loss in a patient?

A

Decreased BP and increased HR

185
Q

When do haematoma’s most commonly occur?

A

After 3rd molar removal or around maxillary third molars that have had swelling of the cheek often in the buccal space

186
Q

What is the main concern over haematomas?

A

Issue /risk with haematoma’s other than the fact they bleed, is that they represent a really good culture medium for bacteria and are a likely a source of severe infection.

187
Q

What is a haematoma?

A

A collection of blood which is located outside the blood vessel.

188
Q

What is sepsis?

A

An extreme body response to an infection. It occurs when pre-existing infection initiates a systemic sequence of events.

189
Q

How would you do a quick assessment from sepsis ?

A

Any patient presenting with a source of infection and tow or more:
1. Temperature >38 degrees or <36 degrees
2. HR >90
3. RR >20
4. WCC >12 or <4 (x10^12/mL)
5. BP systolic >100

190
Q

What are the 4 main risk factors for sepsis?

A
  1. Age >75
  2. Impaired immunity (e.g. diabetes, steroids etc)
  3. Recent trauma/surgery/invasive procedure
  4. Indwelling lines/ IVDU/broken skin
191
Q

What are the 8 red flags for sepsis?

A
  1. New or altered mental state
  2. Unable to stand/collapsed
  3. Unable to catch breath/barely able to speak
  4. Very fast breathing
  5. Skin that is very pale, mottled, ashen or blue
  6. Rash that doesn’t fade when pressed firmly
  7. Recent chemotherapy
  8. Not passed urine in previous 18 hours
192
Q

How do you manage sepsis? State the “sepsis six” model.

A
  1. Give oxygen
  2. Take blood cultures
  3. Give IV antibiotics
  4. Give a fluid challenge
  5. Measure serum lactate
  6. Measure urine output
193
Q

Define, apicectomy.

A

Removal of part of a root end/ apice

194
Q

Define, exsanguination.

A

Severe blood loss

195
Q

What are the 5 principles of flap design?

A
  1. Incise and reflect
  2. Account for obstacles
  3. Methods to overcome obstacles (e.g. bone removal)
  4. Position of instruments to elevate
  5. Path of withdrawal
196
Q

What is the purpose of relieving incisions?

A

Essentially they run from the crevicular area towards the apices of the teeth in order to allow some relief so that the flap can manipulated and expose the alveolar bone.

197
Q

What is meant by leading edge cutting and why do we want to avoid it?

A

Where if the blade is angled too much, it is possible to cut an area distant from where you intend to. This casues unnecessary damage to tissues.

198
Q

What type of flap is described:

A flap with crevicular incisions but no relieving incisions.

A

Envelope flap

199
Q

What type of flap is described:

A flap consisting of crevicular incisions and one relieving incision.

A

Two-sided flap

200
Q

What type of flap is described:

A flap with crevicular incisions and mesial + distal relieving incisions.

A

Three-sided flap

201
Q

What is the benifit of a three-sided flap over other flap designs?

A

You are able to access much higher up in the alveolus

202
Q

Why do we aim to create a flap with a broad base?

A

So that it maintains blood supply to the crestal or papillary areas of the flap

203
Q

How many minimum units should a flap be extended?

A

1 unit either side of the tooth to be extracted

204
Q

How would you approach designing a flap if the tooth to be extracted is a LL5 and the mental neurovascular bundle sits directly underneath?

A

Choose to extend incisions further anteriorly by adding another unit to the flap. This means nerve bundle is avoided but also included in the flap.

205
Q

Name 7 extrinsic obstacles that may arise prior to surgical extraction.

A
  1. Bone
  2. Soft tissues
  3. Anatomical features (e.g. maxillary sinus and IAN bundle)
  4. Adjacent teeth
  5. Pathology
  6. Lack of space
  7. Location of tooth (palatally/lingually displaced)
206
Q

Name 6 intrinsic obstacles that can arise pre- surgical extraction.

A
  1. Crown size and shape
  2. Roots (number, morphology, angulation)
  3. Pathology
  4. Caries
  5. Resorption
  6. Ankylosis
207
Q

What does a good flap design achieve?

A
  1. Overcomes obstacles
  2. Allows access
  3. Facilitates path of withdrawal and removal of tooth
208
Q

What two types of flap design are best suited for 3rd molar surgical extraction?

A
  1. Triangular flap ( three-sided flap)
  2. Envelope flap
209
Q

How many days will it take the patient to heal after surgical extraction?

A

Can range, but is usually 3-7 days.

210
Q

What is the difference between Spencer well forceps and needle forceps?

A

Spencer well forceps are corrugated at the tip so will not hold a needle well

211
Q

What piece of equipment is commonly used by the assistant to retract the tongue?

A

Lacks retractor

212
Q

What is the purpose of tooth tissue forceps during suturing?

A

They securely handle tissue at wound margins

213
Q

Where should the suture needle be held with the forceps?

A

At the posterior 1/3rd of its length

214
Q

What are the 4 different types of shape of suture needles?

A
  1. Tapered
  2. Blunt
  3. Cutting
  4. Reverse-cutting
215
Q

What type of suture needle is least traumatic to tissues however has large puncture holes?

A

Reverse cutting sutures

216
Q

Give two examples of non-absorbable suture threads.

A
  1. Mersilk
  2. Prolene
217
Q

Give an example of an absorbable suture thread.

A

Vicryl rapide

218
Q

Upon suture needle insertion, how far should it be from the wound margins?

A

3-5mm

219
Q

What is the technique for tying the suture?

A
  1. Double throw of thread over forceps in clockwise direction (2) +pull through
  2. One throw of thread anti-clockwise over forceps (1) + pull through to tie.
220
Q

Name the 7 classifications of aetiology of benign mucosal lesions.

A
  1. Congenital
  2. Traumatic
  3. Autoimmune
  4. Metabolic
  5. Infective
  6. Inflammatory
  7. Idiopathic
221
Q

Give two examples of congenital benign oral mucosal lesions.

A
  1. Leukoedema
  2. Fordyce spots
222
Q

What is leukoedema?

A

White/grey discolouration of the mucosa generally (asymptomatic)

223
Q

What are fordyce spots?

A

Ectopic sebaceous glands

224
Q

Name 6 traumatic benign oral mucosal lesions.

A
  1. Erosions/ulcers
  2. Frictional keratosis
  3. Polyps
  4. Denture induced hyperplasia
  5. Amalgam tattoos
  6. Mucocoeles
225
Q

What is the difference between an “erosion” and an “ulcer”

A

An erosion affects just the upper epithelial layer of mucosa, an ulcer affects the full thickness of the epithelium.

226
Q

What is the general rule for how long it should take an ulcer to resolve?

A

4 days

227
Q

When should an ulcer be investigated with biopsy?

A

If it doesn’t resolve within 14 days

228
Q

Define a major aphthous ulcer.

A

A ulcer that is larger than 1 cm in cross section

229
Q

What is keratosis a sign of?

A

Chronic and low grade trauma

230
Q

What does an aphthous ulcer typically look like?

A

White ulcerated base with red “angry” margin

231
Q

What is the term used to describe many small clusters of aphthous ulcers?

A

Hepetiform aphthous ulcers

232
Q

What is the Latin term for cheek biting?

A

Morsicatio buccarum

233
Q

What is the treatment for mucosal polyps?

A

Excision under LA

234
Q

Why do amalgam tattoos occur?

A

Introduction of metal into mucosa from restoration, amalgam is taken up by macrophages forming an amalgam tattoo

235
Q

Why should you always undertake biopsy of an amalgam tattoo?

A

Because it can look very similar to a melanoma

236
Q

What is the treatment of a mucous extravasation cyst?

A

Excision of swelling and associated minor salivary gland

237
Q

Give two examples of infective fungal benign oral mucosal lesions.

A
  1. Acute pseudomembranous candidiasis
  2. Candida leukoplakia
238
Q

Give two examples of infective viral benign oral mucosal lesions.

A
  1. HPV
  2. Herpes Virus
239
Q

What is the clinical difference between thrush and Candidal leukoplakia?

A

Thrush wipes free leaving a red base, whereas candidal leukoplakia does not wipe free.

240
Q

Where is candidal leukoplakia often found in the mouth?

A

In the commissures of the mouth

241
Q

What is the treatment for candidal leukoplakia?

A

Antifungal 1st line
Biopsy as it can look similar to some neoplasms

242
Q

What three things can cause reactivation of latest herpes virus in the trigeminal system?

A
  1. UV light
  2. Stress
  3. Immunocompromised
243
Q

What are the signs of reactivation of latent herpes virus?

A

Tingling sensation before vesicles develop on lip

244
Q

Give three examples of inflammatory benign oral mucosal lesions.

A
  1. Geographic tongue
  2. Lichenoid reactions
  3. Epulis
245
Q

What medication can have associated lichenoid reaction?

A
  1. Antihypertensives
  2. Hypoglycaemics
  3. NSAID’s
246
Q

What are the two different types of epulis?

A

Fibrous epulis and pyogenic epulis

247
Q

What causes fibrous epulis? What is the treatment?

A

Chronic irritation
Treatment = excision

248
Q

What causes pyogenic epulis? What is the treatment?

A

Change in hormones (most commonly occurs in pregnant females)
Treatment = excision if very large, can also resolve on its own

249
Q

What is Addisons disease? how does it present in oral cavity?

A

A primary adrenal insufficiency where there is a deficiency in cortisol and aldosterone. Presents as dark skin pigmentation in oral cavity.

250
Q

What are vesiculobullous conditions?

A

These are autoimmune inflammatory conditions characterised by painful blisters that rupture into erosions and ulcers.

251
Q

What is an example of an idiopathic benign mucosal lesion?

A

Lipoma

252
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

Benign mesenchymal neoplasm with unknown cause. It is made up of fat cells surrounded by a thin fibrous capsule.

253
Q

What is the treatment for lipoma?

A

Excision

254
Q

How do you manage OAC? What are the two options?

A
  1. If OAC is small enough, give antibiotics and review in a few weeks to see if spontaneous closure has occured.
  2. Complete buccal advancement flap
255
Q

What local measures would you perform for someone with acute pericoronitis of their lower right partially erupted 8?

A
  1. Saline irrigation
  2. OH advice
  3. Alvogel placement under operculum
  4. Grinding of upper 8 cusps or extraction if it is causing trauma to operculum of lower 8
256
Q

If pericoronitis presents with systemic signs of infection, what drug should be prescribed to treat this and what dose/duration?

A

Metronidazole 400mg 3x daily for 5 days

257
Q

Why must saline irrigation be used when drilling bone?

A

So that bone does not overheat and necrose upon drilling

258
Q

What is the most appropriate suture material to use to close a wound?

A

3/0 vicryl rapide

259
Q

What is your provisional diagnosis of a white patch in FOM?

A

Thrush
Frictional keratosis

260
Q

What is your differential diagnosis of a white patch in FOM?

A

Oral cancer

261
Q

How would you investigate a white patch in the FOM?

A

Incisional Biopsy

262
Q

Who would you refer a patient to and in what time frame if they required biopsy for a large white lesion on the FOM?

A

Urgent 2 week referral to Maxillofacial department

263
Q

What is the major risk of biopsy on FOM?

A

Risk of in using tissues of submandibular ducts

264
Q

How do you plan surgical extraction? Give the 5 steps.

A
  1. Path of withdrawal
  2. Obstacles
  3. Point of elavation
  4. Bone removal
  5. Flap design
265
Q

What flap is most commonly used for lower 8 surgical extraction?

A

3-sided (triangular) flap

266
Q

How do you check for OAC?

A

If no blood clot forms after extraction, this would suggest OAC.

267
Q

What flap design would you use to close OAC?

A

Buccal advancement flap

268
Q

What antibiotics could you prescribe for OAC, give dose and frequency.

A

1.Pen V (500mg 4x daily for 5 days)
OR
2. Amoxycillin + cluvlanic acid (1g 2x daily)
OR
3. Clindamycin (300mg 3x daily for 5 days)

269
Q

How can you reduce a patients risk of MRONJ?

A

By attempting to make extraction as minimally traumatic as possible. Avoid surgical extraction wherever possible.

270
Q

How long would you review a patient at risk for MRONJ following extraction for?

A

Review for 8 weeks, if no mucosalisation of socket occurs suspect MRONJ.

271
Q

What is the significance of prednisolone in regards to risk of MRONJ?

A

High dose corticosteroids cause osteoperosis and are associated with increased risk of MRONJ.

272
Q

What type of trauma is denture induced hyperplasia?

A

Chronic low grade trauma

273
Q

What is the recommended treatment for denture induced hyperplasia?

A

Make new dentures, excise lesion, OHI.

274
Q

What flap design is required for surgical extraction of a submerged deciduous tooth?

A

3-sided flap

275
Q

What condition might cause supernumerary teeth?

A

Cleidocranial dysostosis

276
Q

What would the flap design be for a lingually placed supernumerary tooth? And why?

A

Envelope flap, must avoid placing multiple relieving incisions as there is risk of damaging lingual nerve.

277
Q

Would conservative treatment be appropraite for an impacted canine with an associated follicular cyst?

A

No, due to pathology this tooth must be removed.

278
Q

How long before IV sedation must a patient not consume any alcohol or recreational drugs for?

A

At least 48 hours

279
Q

Why do patients ahve to remove nail varnish or false nails prior to IV sedation?

A

Because they interfere with the monitoring systems

280
Q

Can a pregnant patient undergo IV sedation?

A

No

281
Q

On the day of IV sedation, what should the patient be advised not to do beforehand?

A

Do not eat or drink anything during the 4 hours before your appointment time.

282
Q

What drug is used in IV sedation?

A

Midazolam

283
Q

What drug is used to revere the effect of midazolam in emergency situations?

A

Fluomazenil

Dentistry Module 6 (15 decks)

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