Orality and Literacy

Question 1

Human existence before writing

Answer 1

Prehistory

Question 2

The way language is nested in sound

Answer 2

Phonemics

Question 3

rality of cultures untouched by literacy (writing & reading)

Answer 3

Primary Orality

Question 4

Is a trans dialectal language formed by deep commitment to writing

Answer 4

Grapholect

Question 5

refers to oral speaking, public speaking, or oratory

Answer 5

Rhetoric

Question 6

Converting a text to sound (aloud or imagination)

Answer 6

Reading

Question 7

Means ‘writings’; a body of written materials

Answer 7

Literature

Question 8

means ‘to weave’

Answer 8

Text

Question 9

means ‘to stitch songs together’

Answer 9

Rhapsodize

Question 10

Purely oral art

Answer 10

Epos

Question 11

Rhetoric, originally in Greek means _______

Answer 11

speech art

Question 12

T/F: Oral tradition has no such residue or deposit.

Answer 12

True

Question 13

T/F: Literate users of grapholects have access to more extensive vocabularies compared to any oral language.

Answer 13

True

Question 14

T/F: There is hardly an oral culture or a predominantly oral culture left in the world today.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

________ is the father of modern linguistics

Answer 15

Ferdinand de Saussure

Question 16

T/F: Oral language cannot exist without writing

Answer 16

False

Question 17

Henry Sweet insisted that words are made up of functional sound units called ______

Answer 17

phonemes

Question 18

Of the 3000 spoken languages, only ____ have literature

Answer 18

78

Question 19

T/F: Computer language rules (grammar) are used first and stated after.

Answer 19

False

Question 20

T/F: Human beings in primary oral cultures learn, possess, and practice great wisdom but DO NOT ‘study’

Answer 20

True

Question 21

Rhetoric was a product of ______

Answer 21

Writing

Question 22

_________ orality of a culture before any knowledge of writing or print. Hardly exists in the current day.

Answer 22

Primary Orality

Question 23

_________ present-day high-tech culture; new orality sustained by telephone, radio, television, and other electronic devices.

Answer 23

Secondary Orality

Question 24

T/F: Medieval literate persons write oral sayings into text

Answer 24

True

Question 25

_____ author of Old Testament & wrote "write down sayings"

Answer 25

Nom de Plume

Question 26

_______ movement was concerned with distant past and folk culture

Answer 26

Romantic Movement

Question 27

Collectors worked over parts of _____ tradition

Answer 27

quasi-oral tradition

Question 28

Who discredited the view that oral folklore was simply left-over debris of a “higher” literature?

Answer 28

Andrew Lang

Question 29

Saussure takes the view that writing simply represents spoken language in _____ form.

Answer 29

visible

Question 30

______ and ______ by Homer were regarded as the truest secular poems in western heritage.

Answer 30

The Iliad and the Odyssey

Question 31

Who attacked the Iliad & Odyssey as badly plotted, poor in characterization, and ethically despicable?

Answer 31

Francois Hedelin

Question 32

Who claims there was no Homer and his epics were just a collection by other poets?

Answer 32

Francois Hedelin

Question 33

Who though that there was indeed a man named Homer but that the various songs that he wrote were only put together into epic poems 500 yrs later?

Answer 33

Richard Bentley

Question 34

He believed that there was no Homer and that the poems were the true creations of a whole people.

Answer 34

Giambattista Vico

Question 35

He believed that Homer was illiterate and that it was the power of memory that enabled him to write poetry.

Answer 35

Robert Wood

Question 36

He thought that Homer and his contemporaries had no writing.

Answer 36

Jean Jacques Rousseau

Question 37

The saw the texts of Iliad & Odyssey as COMBINATIONS of earlier poems.

Answer 37

Analysts

Question 38

They maintained that the Iliad & Odyssey were so well-structured that they were created by ONE MAN and not a collection of redactors.

Answer 38

Unitarians

Question 39

Who is Milman Parry's son?

Answer 39

late Adam Parry

Question 40

T/F: Every element in Parry’s vision is entirely new.

Answer 40

False

Question 41

They believed the dependence of the choice of words and word-forms on the shape of the orally composed hexameter line”

Answer 41

J.E. Ellendt & H. Duntzer

Question 42

Who noted formulary structuring in poetry of oral cultures of the present age?

Answer 42

Arnold van Gennep

Question 43

Who recognized the absence of exact verbatim memory in oral poetry?

Answer 43

M. Murko

Question 44

Who had styled oral cultures and personality structures they produced verbomoteur (verbomotor)?

Answer 44

Marcel Jousse

Question 45

Parry discovered that virtually every distinctive feature of Homeric poetry is due to the economy enforced on it by _____ methods of composition.

Answer 45

oral

Question 46

T/F: Duntzer noted that Homeric epithets used for wine were all metrically the same.

Answer 46

False (metrically DIFFERENT)

Question 47

T/F: Oral poets normally work from verbatim memorization of their verse.

Answer 47

False

Question 48

What determines the selection of words by any poet composing in meter?

Answer 48

Metrical needs

Question 49

T/F: Poets were expected to use prefabricated materials.

Answer 49

False

Question 50

This use was only tolerable for beginners since poets should be able to create their own metrically fitted phrases.

Answer 50

Gradus ad Parnassum

Question 51

The belief that the better the poet was, the less predictable anything was in the poem.

Answer 51

Ex nihilo

Question 52

T/F: Homer was regarded as a congenital ‘genius’ and that his poems were skillfully created.

Answer 52

True

Question 53

Homer used ______ in his poems The Iliad and the Odyssey.

Answer 53

repeated formulas

Question 54

T/F: Homer stitched together prefabricated parts to create his poems.

Answer 54

True

Question 55

T/F: Homeric Greeks did not value cliches.

Answer 55

False

Question 56

Greeks figured out that the new way to store knowledge was in ______

Answer 56

written texts

Question 57

T/F: The philosophical thinking Plato fought for depended entirely on writing.

Answer 57

True

Question 58

Why did Plato excluded poets from his Republic ?

Answer 58

because he rejected their oral-style of thinking (perpetuated by Homer).

Question 59

T/F: Oral formulaic thought immediately vanish as soon as one takes a pen.

Answer 59

False

Question 60

Opland observed that ______ is characterized by formulaic style.

Answer 60

Xhosa poetry

Question 61

T/F: Early written poetry mimics the script of an oral performance.

Answer 61

True

Question 62

Which modern cultures still rely heavily on formulaic thought and expression?

Answer 62

Arabic and certain Mediterranean cultures such as Greek

Question 63

Who supplemented an outline of the Iliad as structured by the formulaic tendency to take elements from the beginning of an episode and repeat it at the end?

Answer 63

Whitman

Question 64

They carried on Parry’s work by going on lengthy field trips, taping oral performances of epic singers, and interviewing them.

Answer 64

Albert B. Lord & Eric A. Havelock

Question 65

T/F: The beginnings of Greek philosophy were tied with the restructuring of thought caused by writing.

Answer 65

True

Question 66

Havelock attributes the ascendancy of Greek analytic thought to Greek’s introduction of _____ into the alphabet.

Answer 66

vowels

Question 67

They applied Parry’s ideas to study Old English poetry.

Answer 67

Robert Creed & Jess Bessinger

Question 68

He treated African oral tradition and history.

Answer 68

Joseph C. Miller

Question 69

He showed that the neglect of psychodynamics of orality led to the misconceptions about early Chinese narrative.

Answer 69

Eugene Eoyang

Question 70

He studied the survival of the old orality in American folk preachers.

Answer 70

Bruce Rosenberg

Question 71

He collected new studies on orality from the Balkans to Nigeria and New Mexico and from antiquity to present

Answer 71

John Miles Foley

Question 72

He shown how shifts hitherto labeled as shifts from magic to science or from ‘prelogical’ to more ‘rational’ state of consciousness.

Answer 72

Jack Goody

Question 73

He calls on the ear-eye polarities and oral-textual contrasts.

Answer 73

Marshall McLuhan

Question 74

Who related the early and late stages of consciousness to neurophysiological changes in the bicameral mind?

Answer 74

Julian Jaynes

Question 75

Julian Jaynes discerns that the _____ hemisphere produced more uncontrollable ‘voices’ attributed to the gods.

Answer 75

right

Question 76

Julian Jaynes discerns that the _____ hemisphere processes the 'voices' into speech.

Answer 76

left

Question 77

T/F: In an oral culture, knowledge, once acquired, had to be constantly repeated or it would be lost.

Answer 77

True