Orbitals Flashcards

Question

Why do the electrons spin in opposing directions?

Answer 1

Because they are of like charges

Answer 2

Electrons fill up 1s then 2s then 2p 3s, 3p then 4s then 3d

Answer 3

The highest energy electrons are lost when an ion is formed { 4s electrons are lost before 3d as once 4s and 3d are occupied, 4s has a higher energy than 3d and moves above it

Answer 4

Cu and Cr don’t have the typical electron structure. Cr: has : 1s2, 2s2, 2p6 , 3s2, 3p6, 4s1, 3d5 Cu has: 1s2,2s2,2p6,3s2,3p6,4s1,3d10

Answer 5

The method is more stable i.e 4s1 and 3d5 is more stable than 4s2, 3d4 as all of them are singly filled as opposed to 4s being full and 3d just having 4 singly filled

Answer 6

Ionisation

Answer 7

The energy required to remove the first electron (in valence shell)

Answer 8

First ionisation is the energy needed to remove one electron from each atom in one mole of gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1+ ions - you need to use state symbols (g) - always refer to 1 mole of atoms - the lower the ionisation energy, the easier it is to form a positive ion

Answer 9

- nuclear charge - distance from nucleus - shielding

Answer 10

More protons= more electrostatic attraction to electrons

Answer 11

Big distance= weaker electrostatic attraction to nucleus

Answer 12

More energy levels= weaker attraction to nucleus

Answer 13

The energy required to remove an electron from each 1+ion in one mole of gaseous ions

Answer 14

Second ionisation energies are greater bc its the removal of an electron from an ion

Answer 15

You can remove all the electrons and leave only the nucleus, you do so by removing one at a time, this process is called successive ionisation energy

Answer 16

First decreases down a group: proof of energy levels as each element has one more than pre. First increases across periods: harder to remove outer e as no. Of protons are increasing

Answer 17

Mg, Al Aluminium’s outer electron is in a 3p orbital instead of a 3s … electron is found further from nucleus 3p has additional shielding These both override the effect of nuclear charge P,S Shielding is the same however with sulfur , an electron is being removed from an orbital containgin 2 e while in phosphorus its only one

Answer 18

In each shell the ionisation energy increases because electrons are being removed. Because of ionisation, there’s less repulsion amongst the remaining electrons and the nucleus Large jumps in ionisation energy is when a new shell is broken into Graphs can help predict what the electronic structure of the element is

Answer 19

The electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

Answer 20

- high melting point 3800K - super hard - vibrations travel easily through the stiff lattice so its a good thermal conductor - can’t conduct electricity, all the outer electrons are held in localized bonds - like graphite , diamond won’t dissolve in any solvent

Answer 21

In a normal single covalent bond, atoms share a pair of electrons -with one electron coming from each atom. In a coordinate bond also known as a dative covalent bond, one of the atoms provides both of the shared electrons

Answer 22

Ammonium ion (NH4+) (FROMED WHEN THE TWO REMAINING ELECTRONS ON nh3 COME INTO CONTACT WITH AN H+ION ) ``` Hydroxonium ion (H3O+) When one pair of the 4 electrons remaining binds to an H+ ion ) ```

Answer 23

Thompson -> Rutherford-> Bohr-> quantum

Answer 24

``` Protons: +1 1 Neutrons:0 1 Electrons: -1 1/2000 ```

Answer 25

Mass number :A | Atomic number:Z

Orbitals Flashcards

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