org med lab immunity

Question 1

can be defined as the body’s ability to defend against specific pathogens and/or foreign substances in
the initiation of disease processes.

Answer 1

Immunity

Question 2

The multidimensional response initiated by the body’s various defense systems

Answer 2

Immune Response

Question 3

Responds immediately to protect the body from all foreign substances.

Answer 3

Innate Defenses/Nonspecific Immunity

Question 4

Fights invaders that get past the innate defenses by mounting an attack against one or more particular foreign
substances.

Answer 4

Adaptive Defenses/Specific Defense System

Question 5

give me 2 that are included in Innate (nonspecific) defense mechanisms

Answer 5

First line of Defense
Second line of Defense

Question 6

What are included in First Line of Defense?

Answer 6

Skin, Mucous membranes, Secretions of skin and mucous membranes

Question 7

What are included in Second Line of Defense?

Answer 7

Phagocytic cells, Natural killer cells, Antimicrobial proteins, The inflammatory response, Fever

Question 8

What are included in third line of defense?

Answer 8

Lymphocytes, Antibodies, Macrophages and other antigen presenting cells

Question 9

Give me the 6 Intact mucus membranes

Answer 9

Mucus, Nasal hairs, Cilia, Gastric juice, Acid mantle of the vagina, Lacrimal secretion

Question 10

Filter and trap microorganisms and other airborne particles in nasal passages

Answer 10

Nasal hairs

Question 11

Propel debris-laden mucus away from respiratory passages

Answer 11

Cilia

Question 12

Contains concentrated HCl and protein-digesting enzymes that destroy pathogens in stomach.

Answer 12

Gastric Juice

Question 13

Inhibits growth of bacteria and fungi in female reproductive tract.

Answer 13

Acid mantle of vagina

Question 14

Internal Defenses: Cells and Chemicals

Answer 14

Phagocytes, Natural Killer Cells, Inflammatory response, Fever

Question 15

-A unique group of aggressive lymphocytes that can lyse (burst) and kill cancer cells, virus-infected body cells, and some other nonspecific targets well before the adaptive arm of the immune system is enlisted in the fight.
-Not phagocytic
-Release lytic chemicals called _________ and ________

Answer 15

Natural Killer Cells
perforin , granzymes

Question 16

The Inflammatory Response
Cardinal signs:

Answer 16

Redness , Heat Pain , Swelling

Question 17

The Inflammatory Response When cells are damaged, they release inflammatory chemicals, including __________and _______ that:
1. Cause vasodilation
2. Make capillaries leaky
3. Attract phagocytes and WBCs to the
area (positive chemotaxis)

Answer 17

histamine and kinins

Question 18

The Inflammatory Response
Once the inflammatory process has
begun:
1. Neutrophils enter the blood from the
bone marrow
2. Neutrophils flatten out and squeeze
through the capillary walls (diapedesis)
3. Neutrophils gather at the side of tissue
injury

Question 19

are activated and begin to wall off the damaged area with fibrin to prevent the spread of harmful agents to neighboring tissues

Answer 19

Clotting proteins

Question 20

forms scaffolding for permanent
repair

Answer 20

fibrin mesh

Question 21

The _________ increases the metabolic rate of the
tissue cells, speeding up their defensive actions and
repair processes

Answer 21

local heat

Question 22

is a mixture of dead or dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells, and living and dead pathogens.

Answer 22

Pus

Question 23

If the inflammatory mechanism fails to fully clear the area of debris, the sac of pus may become walled off, forming an ________

Answer 23

abscess

Question 24

A _________ engulfs a foreign
particle by the process of
_________

Answer 24

phagocytes
phagocytosis

Question 25

A variety of antimicrobial proteins enhance the innate defenses either by attacking microorganisms directly or by hindering their ability to reproduce. Complements Interferons

Answer 25

**Antimicrobial Proteins**

Question 26

-refers to a group of at least 20 plasma proteins that circulate in the blood in an ____________, much like inactive clotting proteins - When complement becomes attached or fixed to foreign cells, it is activated and becomes a major factor in the fight against foreign cells.

Answer 26

**Complement** **inactive state**

Question 27

Results of complement fixation:

Answer 27

**1. Formation of membrane attack complexes (MAC) 2. Release of vasodilators that attract neutrophils and macrophages**

Question 28

Diffuse to nearby cells and bind to their membrane receptors Interferes with the ability of viruses to multiply within healthy cells, reducing the spread of the virus.

Answer 28

**Interferon**

Question 29

is a systemic response to invading microorganisms -Regulated by the hypothalamus - Caused by ________________

Answer 29

**Fever** **pyrogens**

Question 30

What are the 2 Adaptive Body Defenses?

Answer 30

**Humoral Immune Response/ Antibody-Mediated** **Cellular Immune Response/ Cell-Mediated**

Question 31

Give me the 3 Important aspects of adaptive defense:

Answer 31

**1. It is antigen specific 2.It is systemaic 3.It has “memory**

Question 32

any substance capable of provoking an immune response

Answer 32

**Antigen**

Question 33

molecules that do not trigger an immune response but are strongly antigenic to other people

Answer 33

**Self-Antigen**

Question 34

aka incomplete antigen; small molecules bound to proteins that the immune system will recognize as foreign

Answer 34

**Hapten**

Question 35

produce antibodies and oversee humoral activity (B cells)

Answer 35

**B lymphocytes**

Question 36

constitute the cell￾mediated arm of the adaptive defenses and do not make antibodies (T cells)

Answer 36

**T lymphocytes**

Question 37

play an essential role in activating the lymphocytes that respond to specific antigen

Answer 37

**Antigen-presenting cells**

Question 38

Major roles of APCs: *Engulf antigens and then present fragments of them, like signal flags, on their own surfaces, where they can be recognized by T cells. *Major types: ___________, __________ and _________

Answer 38

**dendritic cells, macrophages, and B lymphocytes**

Question 39

-Present in connective tissues and in the epidermis (Langerhans) -“mobile sentinels” -Most effective antigen presenters

Answer 39

**Dendritic Cells**

Question 40

-Widely distributed throughout the lymphoid organs and connective tissue -Act as phagocytes

Answer 40

**Macrophages**

Question 41

The binding event that sensitizes or activates the lymphocyte to “switch on”.

Answer 41

**Clonal Selection**

Question 42

In active immunity a bacterial or viral infections

Answer 42

**Naturally acquired**

Question 43

In Active Immunity vaccines

Answer 43

**Artificially acquired**

Question 44

In passive immunity – mother to fetus (placenta, or breastmilk)

Answer 44

**Naturally-acquired**

Question 45

In passive Immunity - Injection of donated antibodies (gamma globulins)

Answer 45

**Artificially-acquired**

Question 46

- Also known as ___________ - Soluble proteins secreted by activated B cells or by their plasma-cell offspring in response to an antigen,

Answer 46

**Antibodies** **Immunoglobulins (Igs)**

Question 47

Antibodies are Capable of:

Answer 47

**1. Neutralization 2. Agglutination 3. Precipitation**

Question 48

First releasedby plasma cellsduring primary response

Answer 48

**IgM**

Question 49

Bathes and protects mucosal surfaces from attachment of pathogens

Answer 49

**IgA**

Question 50

Cell surface receptor of immunocompetent B cell; important in activation of B cell

Answer 50

**IgD**

Question 51

Main antibody of both primary and secondary responses; crosses the placenta

Answer 51

**IgG**

Question 52

Binds to mast cells and basophils and triggers release of histamine

Answer 52

**IgE**

Question 53

Specialize in killing virus-infected, cancer, or foreign graft cells directly.

Answer 53

**Cytotoxic T cells**

Question 54

-T cells that act as the “directors” or “managers” of the adaptive immune response. -Circulate through the body, “recruiting” other cells to fight

Answer 54

**Helper T cells**

Question 55

-Formely called _____________ -Release chemicals that suppressthe activity of both T and B cells

Answer 55

**Regulatory T cells** **suppressor T cells**

Question 56

-Tissue grafts transplanted from one site to another in the same person.

Answer 56

**Autografts**

Question 57

Tissue grafts donated by a genetically identical person (identical twin)

Answer 57

**Isografts**

Question 58

Tissue grafts taken from a person other than an identical twin.

Answer 58

**Allografts**

Question 59

Tissue grafts harvested from a different animal species

Answer 59

**Xenografts**

Question 60

Immunosuppressive Therapy:

Answer 60

**Corticosteroids Radiation therapy Immunosuppressor drugs**