Organ Specific Autoimmune Diseases

Question 1

primary component of colloid

Answer 1

thyroglobulin (Tg)

Question 2

an iodinated glycoprotein from which T3 and T4 are synthesized

Answer 2

Thyroglobulin

Question 3

it oxidizes iodine ions to allow tyrosine residues incorporation to thyroglobulin to form building blocks of hormones

Answer 3

thyroid peroxidase

Question 4

hormone released by hypothalamus to initiate process of releasing of hormones from the thyroid

Answer 4

thyrotropin-releasing hormone

Question 5

it acts on the pituitary gland to release TSH

Answer 5

Thyrotropin-releasinghormone

Question 6

it causes breakdown of thyroglobulin to secretable T3 and T4

Answer 6

TSH

Question 7

HLA gene strongly associated with Grave’s disease

Answer 7

HLA-DR3

Question 8

HLA gene strongly associated with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 8

DR3, DR4, DR5, and DQ7

Question 9

What disease targets the adrenal glands?

Answer 9

Addison’s disease

Addison’s disease is an organ-specific autoimmune disease affecting adrenal glands.

Question 10

Which autoimmune disease is associated with red blood cells (RBCs)?

Answer 10

Autoimmune hemolytic anemia

This disease leads to the destruction of red blood cells.

Question 11

What autoimmune disease affects the liver?

Answer 11

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)

AIH is characterized by liver inflammation and damage due to autoimmunity.

Question 12

What disease is associated with antiplatelet antibodies?

Answer 12

Autoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura

This condition leads to a decrease in platelets due to autoimmune destruction.

Question 13

Which autoimmune disease affects the small intestine?

Answer 13

Celiac disease

Celiac disease is triggered by gluten and leads to damage in the small intestine.

Question 14

What is the target tissue of Goodpasture’s syndrome?

Answer 14

Kidneys and lungs

Goodpasture’s syndrome involves antibodies attacking the basement membranes in these organs.

Question 15

Which gland is affected in Graves disease?

Answer 15

Thyroid gland

Graves disease is an autoimmune disorder that leads to hyperthyroidism.

Question 16

What is the primary target of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis?

Answer 16

Thyroid gland

This autoimmune disease causes hypothyroidism due to thyroid tissue destruction.

Question 17

What autoimmune disease targets the myelin sheath of nerves?

Answer 17

Multiple sclerosis

Multiple sclerosis results in the degradation of the myelin sheath, affecting nerve conduction.

Question 18

What is the target of antibodies in myasthenia gravis?

Answer 18

Nerve-muscle synapses

Myasthenia gravis affects communication between nerves and muscles.

Question 19

Which antibodies are associated with celiac disease?

Answer 19

Antitransglutaminase (tTG), antibodies to deamidated gliadin peptides (DGPs), endomysial antibodies

These antibodies play a role in the diagnosis of celiac disease.

Question 20

What type of antibodies are found in autoimmune hepatitis (AIH)?

Answer 20

AIH-1-smooth muscle antibodies, ANAs, AIH-2—anti-liver kidney microsomal antibody (anti-LKM-1), anti-liver cytosol type 1 antibody (anti-LC-1)

These antibodies are crucial for the diagnosis of different AIH types.

Question 21

What is the target of antibodies in pernicious anemia?

Answer 21

Stomach

Pernicious anemia results from autoantibodies that attack stomach cells producing intrinsic factor.

Question 22

What autoimmune condition is associated with poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis?

Answer 22

Streptococcal antibodies that cross-react with kidney tissue

This condition often follows a streptococcal infection.

Question 23

What is the target tissue in primary biliary cirrhosis?

Answer 23

Intrahepatic bile ducts

This autoimmune disease affects the bile ducts within the liver.

Question 24

What autoimmune disease is characterized by connective tissue involvement?

Answer 24

Scleroderma

Scleroderma is a condition that leads to fibrosis of the skin and internal organs.

Question 25

Which antibodies are associated with Sjögren's syndrome?

Answer 25

Antinuclear antibodies, rheumatoid factor, anti-salivary duct antibodies, anti-lacrimal gland antibodies ## Footnote Sjögren's syndrome affects moisture-producing glands, leading to dry eyes and mouth.

Question 26

What is the target of antibodies in type 1 diabetes mellitus?

Answer 26

Pancreas ## Footnote Type 1 diabetes is characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas.

Question 27

Fill in the blank: The antibody to glutamic acid phosphatase (GAD) is associated with _______.

Answer 27

Type 1 diabetes mellitus ## Footnote GAD antibodies are typically found in patients with type 1 diabetes.

Question 28

What is the target organ in rheumatic fever?

Answer 28

Heart ## Footnote Rheumatic fever can lead to autoimmune damage to heart tissue following a streptococcal infection.

Question 29

it is aka chronic lymphocytic thyroiditis

Answer 29

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 30

most common autoimmune disease

Answer 30

Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Question 31

immune desctruction of the thyroid glans relulting to decreased thyroid function called hypothyroidism

Answer 31

Hypothyroidism

Question 32

what cells mediates the pathology of thyroid gland destruction?

Answer 32

CD8 cytotoxic cells

Question 33

autoantibodies present in Hashimoto’s disease

Answer 33

Antithyroglobulin Antithyroid peroxidase

Question 34

characterized by hyperthyroidism or excessive thyroid function

Answer 34

Grave’s disease

Question 35

this disease manifested as thyrotoxicosis

Answer 35

Grave’s disease

Question 36

has a sign of exophthalmos or hypertrophy of the eye

Answer 36

Grave’s disease

Question 37

major antibodies in Grave’s disease

Answer 37

thyroid-stimulating hormone receptor antibodies (TRAbs) *they mimic the action of TSH resulting in uncontrolled receptor stimulation

Question 38

other antibodies in Grave’s disease other than than TRAbs)

Answer 38

Anyu-Tg Anti-TPO Thyrotropin receptor-blocking antibody

Question 39

term for state of normal thyroid function

Answer 39

Euthyroidism *may exist in cases of Grave’s disease bcos the antibody blocking the thyrotropin receptor may coexist with the TSH

Question 40

antibodies best indicator of Hashimoto’s thyroiditis

Answer 40

Anti-TPO (95% of patients)

Question 41

this disease has low or undetectable levels of TSH but high FT4

Answer 41

Grave’s disease

Question 42

T1D is prev known as

Answer 42

juvenile onset diabetes

Question 43

Antibodies involved in T1D

Answer 43

insulinoma antigen 2 (IA-2) and IA-2BA (phogrin) —children anti-insulin antibodies antibodies to the enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD-65) — adults antibodies to zinc transporter 8 (ZnI8) antibodies to islet cell antibodies (ICAs).

Question 44

if negative to GAD and IA-2A antibodies, what antibodies need to be tested and how?

Answer 44

ICA or islet cell antibodies and is traditionally detected using frozen sections of the pancreas

Question 45

what organ is affected by celiac disease?

Answer 45

Small intestine

Question 46

gluten is a protein complex found in

Answer 46

wheat, barley, and rye

Question 47

Gluten contain alcohol-soluble component called? it is rich in what amino acid?

Answer 47

gliadin glutamine and proline

Question 48

Immunogenicity of gliadin from gluten?

Answer 48

since it is resistant to enzymes, it remains intact. if a person has an infection which affect epithelial permeability, they can cross the barrier and trigger an immune response.

Question 49

what HLA gene is involved in celiac disease

Answer 49

HLA-DQ2 and HLA-DQ8

Question 50

environmental factors of celiac disease development

Answer 50

Infant younger than 4 months with a diet of gluten without breastfeeding Rotavirus infection overgrowth of pathogenic bacteria in the gut

Question 51

enzyme that enhances immunogenicity of gliadin

Answer 51

tissue transglutaminase (tTG)

Question 52

serological method of choice for celiac disease

Answer 52

detection of IgA antibodies to tGT

Question 53

confirmatory test for celiac disease?

Answer 53

biopsy of the intestine

Question 54

Antibodies involved in celiac disease?

Answer 54

Anti-tTG Antibodies to deaminated gliadin peptides Endomysial antibodies

Question 55

Three forms of autoimmune liver diseases

Answer 55

Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC)