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X Anatomy 1A > Organ Systems > Flashcards

Organ Systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is an organ?

A

collection of tissues with a common function

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2
Q

What is an organ system?

A

group of organs with a common set of functions

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3
Q

What are the 10 main organ systems?

A

intergumentry, musculoskeletal, nervous, endocrine, urinary, reproductive, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive

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4
Q

What is the intergumentry system?

A

the skin

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5
Q

What do the dermis and epidermis rest on?

A

hypodermis and subcutis

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6
Q

What type of cells is the epidermis made up of?

A

stratified squamous epithelium which is keratinised to various extents

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7
Q

What percentage of body fat does the hypodermis store?

A

50%

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8
Q

What are the functions of the intergumentry system?

A

protection, sensation, temperature regulation, vitamin D production, excretion

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9
Q

What layer of the skin is avascular and aneural?

A

epidermis

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10
Q

What is skin colour determined by?

A

melanin, blood flow and stratum corneum thickness (layer of keratin)

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11
Q

What is melanin?

A

a skin pigment

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12
Q

What is melanin produced by?

A

melanocytes

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13
Q

what do melanosomes contain?

A

melanin

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14
Q

What does melanin give protection from?

A

UV

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15
Q

What are the 2 layers of the dermis?

A

papillary and retiucular

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16
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

connective tissue, blood vessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, smooth muscles, glands, lymphatic vessels

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17
Q

What is found in the connective tissue in the dermis?

A

fibroblasts (collagen, elastic and reticular fibres), few andipocytes and macrophages

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18
Q

What are the blood vessels in the dermis used for?

A

nutrient and waste exchange for the dermis and live epidermis

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19
Q

Give an example of smooth muscles found in the dermis

A

erector pili cases the hair to stand up on skin

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20
Q

What layer of the dermis are fingerprints produced by?

A

papilary layer

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21
Q

What is the function of fingerprints?

A

increase friction and improve grip

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22
Q

What is dermal bone?

A

bone that grows within the dermis

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23
Q

What is the process of dermal bone growth called?

A

intra membranous ossification

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24
Q

How does dermal bone grow?

A

accretion only

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25
Q

What does accretion mean?

A

gradual accumulation of layers

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26
Q

What is the outer layer of dermal bone deposited by?

A

osteoblasts

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27
Q

What is the musculoskeletal system made up of?

A

skeletal muscles and the skeleton

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28
Q

What is the skeleton made up of?

A

bones, tendons and ligaments

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29
Q

What important function of life does the skeleton allow?

A

movement

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30
Q

What are the two parts of the skeleton?

A

axial and appendicular

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31
Q

What bones make up the axial skeleton?

A

skull, mandible, spinal column, ribs, sternum

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32
Q

What bones make up the appendicular skeleton?

A

limbs (thoracic and pelvic), scapula, clavicle

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33
Q

What part of the appendicular skeleton is not found in some quadrupeds?

A

clavicle

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34
Q

What does the marrow in long bones produce?

A

blood cells

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35
Q

What is a joint?

A

a place where 2 or more bones come together

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36
Q

What do joints make possible?

A

movement

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37
Q

What are the 3 main types of joint?

A

fibrous, cartilaginous, synovial

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38
Q

How are the articulating surfaces of 2 bones joined in a fibrous joint?

A

joined with fibrous tissue

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39
Q

Is there a joint cavity in fibrous joints?

A

no

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40
Q

How much movement is there between fibrous joints?

A

little to none

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41
Q

What are the 3 types of fibrous joint?

A

sutures, syndesmoses, gomphoses

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42
Q

Where may you find sutures joints?

A

top of the skull

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43
Q

What are syndesmoses joints joined by?

A

ligaments

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44
Q

give an example of a syndesmoses joint

A

radius and ulna

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45
Q

What are gomphoses joints?

A

one bone is fixed into a socket formed in another

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46
Q

give and example of a gomphoses joint

A

teeth

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47
Q

What are cartilaginous joints joined by?

A

cartilage

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48
Q

What sort of cartilage are primary cartilaginous joints made of?

A

hyline

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49
Q

Where would you find primary cartilaginous joints?

A

growth plates, ribs and sternum

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50
Q

What sort of cartilage are secondary cartilaginous joints made of?

A

fibrocartilage

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51
Q

Where would you find secondary cartilaginous joints?

A

within the pelvis

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52
Q

Where are synovial joints found?

A

in limbs and between vertebra

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53
Q

What is the joint contained in in a synovial joint?

A

synovial capsule

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54
Q

What is the function of synovial fluid?

A

lubricates the joint

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55
Q

What are the ends of bones covered by in a synovial joint?

A

hyline cartilage

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56
Q

What do ligaments do?

A

prevent movement of joint in some directions

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57
Q

What are ligaments made of?

A

dense regular collegenous connective tissue

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58
Q

how do muscles attach to bone?

A

via tendons

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59
Q

What can a muscle be attached to?

A

bone, cartilage or skin

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60
Q

Where is the origin of a muscle fixed to?

A

the least mobile bone or area

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61
Q

Where is the insertion of a muscle located?

A

in the more mobile bone or area

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62
Q

What are the 2 main types of muscles?

A

agonist and antagonist

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63
Q

What does an antagonist muscle do?

A

performs the opposite movement to the agonist muscle

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64
Q

How are muscles grouped?

A

according to function

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65
Q

What does the nervous system control?

A

movement, physiological processes and intellectual functions

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66
Q

What sort of system is the nervous system?

A

regulatory

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67
Q

What are the 2 elements of the nervous system?

A

central and peripheral

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68
Q

What makes up the central nervous system?

A

brain, cerebellum, spinal chord

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69
Q

What does the relative size of a structure in the brain reflect?

A

the importance of that area for a species

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70
Q

Where does the spinal chord exit the cranium?

A

foramen magnum

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71
Q

What does the spinal cord run through?

A

vertebral canal

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72
Q

What is white matter?

A

mylinated fibres

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73
Q

What is grey matter?

A

non-mylinated neuron bodies

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74
Q

Where do spinal nerves carrying sensory and motor fibres exit the vertebral canal?

A

intravertebral formina

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75
Q

What are nerve cells called?

A

neurones

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76
Q

What is the role of neurones?

A

transmit electrical stimuli through the body

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77
Q

what are the 3 main components of a neurone?

A

body, dendrites and axon

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78
Q

What do neuralgia do?

A

support nourish and insulate neurones

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79
Q

What is the function of ependymal cells?

A

produce CSF and move it around with cilia

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80
Q

What is the function of microglia?

A

phagocytic cells which clear nerve cells

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81
Q

What do astrocytes form?

A

form the blood/brain barrier

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82
Q

What is the function of schwann cells?

A

produce mylin for axon insulation, within the PNS

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83
Q

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

A

form mylin sheaths around many cells, within the spinal cord

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84
Q

What sort of system is the endocrine system?

A

regulatory

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85
Q

What does the endocrine system produce?

A

hormones

86
Q

name glands in the body which secrete hormones?

A

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, thymus, adrenal, pancreas, overies/testes

87
Q

What is the role of the pituitary gland?

A

regulates all other glands

88
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland?

A

regulates circadian rhythms

89
Q

What is the role of the thyroid?

A

regulates metabolism and homeostasis

90
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

an immune organ, it produces T Lymphocytes

91
Q

Name the 9 functions of the endocrine system

A

metabolism, ion regulation, immune system regulation, control of blood glucose/nutrient levels, tissue maturation, water balance, heart rate and blood pressure regulation, control of reproductive functions, uterine contractions and milk release

92
Q

Where is the pituitary gland located?

A

near the brainstem

93
Q

What regulates the pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamus

94
Q

What does the pineal gland affect?

A

reproductive function

95
Q

What function regulates the effect of the pineal gland in some species?

A

photoperiod, affected by light e.g. in horses where their season only occurs in spring/summer

96
Q

What are the two lobes of the thyroid connected by in humans?

A

isthmus

97
Q

What does the thyroid affect?

A

metabolic rate

98
Q

What trace element is found in thyroid hormone?

A

iodine

99
Q

What can a deficiency in iodine cause?

A

hypertrophy of thyroid gland

100
Q

Where is the thyroid located?

A

in the throat

101
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

on the kidneys

102
Q

What does the cortex of the adrenal gland release?

A

corticosteriods, mineral corticoids, androgens

103
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal glands release?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline

104
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A

oestrogen and progesterone

105
Q

What hormones do the testes produce?

A

testosterone

106
Q

What does the reproductive system influence?

A

behavior

107
Q

What does the reproductive system include?

A

gonads and products (hormones and gametes) and tubes to transport gametes

108
Q

What is the female reproductive system made up of?

A

ovaries, uterus, vagina

109
Q

What is the uterus the site of?

A

fertilisation and foetal development

110
Q

What is the male reproductive system made up of?

A

testes, ducts, accessory glands, penis

111
Q

What is an example of an accessory gland in the make reproductive system?

A

prostate

112
Q

What do differences between species of the female reproductive systems depend on?

A

the number of offspring the mother is able to have at one time

113
Q

How does the uterus of humans, horses, cattle and sheep compare?

A

large uterus as single offspring is most likely

114
Q

What part of the uterus of quadrupeds is not present in humans?

A

uterine horns

115
Q

Why are uterine horns large in species that have litters/multiple offspring?

A

the foetuses develop here

116
Q

How many functional ovaries do reptiles and birds have?

A

1

117
Q

What may be different about male reproductive organs between different species?

A

orientation of testes (horizontal or vertical), penis (some become engorged with blood and others unfold/straighten)

118
Q

What is the urinary system the main system for in the body?

A

excretion

119
Q

Why are kidneys so vital?

A

some products of body processes (e.g. protein catabolism produces ammonia) are toxic and could kill if not safely removed

120
Q

What do kidneys do?

A

pressure filter blood to produce urine, process blood plasma, remove waste products from blood, regulate blood pH, water and ion balance.

121
Q

What do the ureters basically do?

A

transport urine to the bladder

122
Q

What does the bladder do?

A

stores urine until it can be released

123
Q

What does the urethra do?

A

transports urine out of the body ( and forms part of the male reproductive tract)

124
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

in the lumbar region

125
Q

What is the hilum?

A

area of all organs where blood vessels and nerves move in and out

126
Q

What makes up the outer layer of the kidney?

A

fibrous capsule

127
Q

What is found in the cortex of the kidney?

A

renal corpuscles and convoluted tubules

128
Q

What is found in the medulla of the kidneys?

A

renal tubules

129
Q

What shapes are formed in the medulla?

A

pyramids

130
Q

What structure does urine collect in?

A

calyces

131
Q

Where does urine drain into once it is in calyces?

A

pelvis of the kidney

132
Q

from the pelvis of the kidney where does the urine go?

A

out of the hilum through the ureter

133
Q

What is the name of the smooth muscle that surrounds the bladder?

A

detrusor

134
Q

Where does the detrusor muscle thicken in the bladder and why?

A

around the urethra to act as internal urethral sphincter

135
Q

What makes the bladder distensable?

A

rugae stretch to allow the bladder to increase in size, transitional epithelium lines bladder

136
Q

What is the name of the transitional epithelium found within the bladder?

A

uroepithelium

137
Q

Where else in the urinary system does transitional epithelium line?

A

ureters and urethra

138
Q

What type of muscle are the ureters and urethra made of?

A

smooth

139
Q

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

A

heart, blood vessels and blood

140
Q

What is the function of the cardio vascular system?

A

transports substances through the body, involved in immune response and temperature regulation

141
Q

What substances does the cardiovascular system transport through the body?

A

gasses (exchanged at lungs), nutrients, waste products (filtered by kidneys), hormones

142
Q

How is the cardiovascular system involved in an immune response?

A

transports cells and chemicals to site

143
Q

How is the cardiovascular system involved in temperature regulation?

A

vasodilation or constriction

144
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

in the thoracic cavity close to the lungs

145
Q

What sort of pump is the heart?

A

double

146
Q

What is the left sided pump involved with?

A

systemic circulation

147
Q

What is the right sided pump involved with?

A

pulmonary circulation

148
Q

How many chambers are there in the heart?

A

4

149
Q

What are the names of the 4 chambers?

A

left atrium, right atrium, left ventricle, right ventricle

150
Q

What are the chambers of the heart regulated by?

A

valves

151
Q

What are differences in the heart between species?

A

size, shape, orientation, coronary circulation, branching of aorta

152
Q

What is the main artery in the body?

A

aorta

153
Q

Where does the aorta originate?

A

exit of left ventricle

154
Q

Which arteries supply the head, thoracic limbs and thoracic structures?

A

brachiocephallic trunk and subclavian arteries

155
Q

Which arteries supply abdominal structures?

A

coeliac and mesenteric arteries

156
Q

Which arteries supply the pelvic structures and pelvic limbs?

A

common iliacs

157
Q

Which vein takes blood from the superior/cranial body to the right atrium?

A

superior vena cava

158
Q

Which vein takes blood from the inferior/caudal body to the right atrium?

A

inferior vena cava

159
Q

Which vein delivers blood from the digestive tract to the liver?

A

hepatic portal vein

160
Q

What system is the lymphatic system closely related to?

A

cardiovascular

161
Q

What is the lymphatic system made up of?

A

lymph, lymphatic vessels, lymphatic tissues, lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus

162
Q

What is lymph?

A

clear fluid that runs in lymph vessels

163
Q

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

A

fluid balance, fat absorption, defence

164
Q

How does the lymphatic system assist with fluid balance?

A

removes fluid from tissues, that has not been directly returned to blood vessels.

165
Q

Why is fluid balance important?

A

reduces oedema and tissue damage

166
Q

Where is fat absorbed from into the lymphatic system?

A

the digestive tract

167
Q

What are the specialised cells of the lymphatic system which absorb fat in the small intestine?

A

lacteals

168
Q

How do lymph nodes act to defend the body?

A

filter microorganisms and act locally if they are encountered

169
Q

What organs produce lymphocytes?

A

spleen and thymus (only in the young)

170
Q

What is the other role of the spleen in horses and dogs?

A

stores blood

171
Q

In which body cavity is the respiratory system located?

A

thoracic cavity

172
Q

What separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?

A

diaphragm

173
Q

What is the main muscle of respiration?

A

diaphragm

174
Q

What does the respiratory system include?

A

lungs and respiratory passages

175
Q

Name the 5 respiratory passages

A

nasal cavity, larynx, pharynx, bronci, trachea

176
Q

Which parts of the respiratory system form the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

upper: nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx
lower: trachea, lungs, bronchi

177
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

oxygen and carbohydrate exchange between blood and air. Regulation of blood pH

178
Q

What happens to air in the nasal cavity?

A

inspired air is warmed and humidified

179
Q

What does increased humidity in inspired air do?

A

helps with smell

180
Q

What happens at the pharynx?

A

oral and nasal cavities meet

181
Q

What is the larynx used for?

A

pronation and protection of trachea by the epiglottis

182
Q

What 2 species cannot breathe through their mouths due to the epiglottis permanently covering the trachea at the back of the mouth?

A

horses and rabbits

183
Q

What is the trachea held open by?

A

incomplete cartilage rings

184
Q

What type of cartilage is found in the trachea?

A

hyline

185
Q

What are lungs the organ of?

A

respiration

186
Q

What is exchanged within the lungs?

A

gas (oxygen and carbon dioxide)

187
Q

Via what blood vessel do lungs receive de oxygenated blood?

A

pulmonary arteries

188
Q

What is the texture of the lungs in mammals?

A

spongy due to alvioli

189
Q

What 2 main parts make up the digestive system?

A

digestive tract and accessory organs

190
Q

What is the digestive tract?

A

muscular tube of smooth muscle that goes from mouth to anus

191
Q

What parts of the body make up the digestive tract?

A

mouth, pharynx, oesophegus, stomach, small and large intestines, rectum and anus

192
Q

What are the parts of the small intestine?

A

duodenum, jejunum and illium

193
Q

What are the parts of the large intestine?

A

caecum, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon

194
Q

What are the accessory organs?

A

salivary glands, liver, pancreas

195
Q

What does the liver do?

A

produces bile which digests fats and processes products of digestion and blood

196
Q

What does the pancreas do?

A

secretes digestive enzymes directly into duodenum

197
Q

What are the 6 ways that food is processed during digestion?

A

ingestion, mastication, propulsion, mixing/secretion, digestion/absorption, elimination

198
Q

What happens during ingestion?

A

intake of solid/liquid through oral cavity

199
Q

What is mastication?

A

chewing of food to reduce it’s size and expose it to salivary enzymes which will start digestion

200
Q

What is propulsion?

A

movement of food usually by peristalsis

201
Q

What is the purpose of mixing and secretion during digestion?

A

food is mixed with digestive enzymes and further broken down

202
Q

What happens during the digestion/absorption phase of digestion?

A

breakdown of large organic molecules into component parts that can then be absorbed

203
Q

What happens during elimination?

A

waste products from digestion are removed from the body via faeces

204
Q

What do species digestive systems reflect?

A

where they live and what they eat

205
Q

What sort of fermenters are cows and sheep?

A

foregut

206
Q

What do foregut fermenters have in their stomach that enables them to break down cellulose?

A

bacteria that ferment cellulose

207
Q

What is the relationship between fermenters and the bacteria they use known as?

A

symbiotic relationship

208
Q

Why do cows and sheep have an expanded stomach?

A

to accommodate the bacteria

209
Q

What sort of fermenters are horses?

A

midgut

210
Q

Where are the fermenting bacteria located in midgut fermenters?

A

caecum and part of the colon

X Anatomy 1A (10 decks)

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